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This report assesses the state of Armenia's sanitation services, which are in poor shape, and proposes ways forward for reforming the sector by: ensuring equitable access by all and identifying solutions that work for the poorest and most remote communities; generating economies of scale and scope, and reducing both investment and operational costs for the efficient delivery of sanitation services; and moving towards sustainable cost recovery for the sanitation sector, by identifying how much funding can be mobilised from within the sector and how much external transfers are required. The state of Armenia's sanitation services are inadequate, with 51% of the population in rural areas using unimproved facilities, causing direct damage to the environment and exposing inhabitants to health risks, and better access but degraded sewerage-system infrastructure in urban areas, posing health hazards due to potential cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water. According to preliminary estimates, EUR 2.6 billion of investments will be required to meet Armenia's sanitation needs, with approximately EUR 1 billion needing to be spent in the next 7 to 10 years. Given the country's current economic situation, this investment will have to be spread over time and targeted to avoid further deterioration of infrastructure and increase of the financing gap.

Sanitation --- Sanitation. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Economic aspects.

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Water --- Quality Control --- Cost Control --- administration and dosage --- organization and administration --- Cleanliness --- Gezondmaking --- House drainage --- Salubrité publique --- Sanering --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Services sanitaires

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La fourniture de services d’approvisionnement en eau, d’assainissement et de traitement des eaux usées a des répercussions très favorables sur la santé publique, l’économie et l’environnement. Dans les pays en développement, le rapport avantages/coûts peut aller jusqu’à 7 pour 1 pour les services d’eau et d’assainissement de base. Les actions en matière de traitement des eaux usées, par exemple, peuvent s’accompagner d’effets très positifs en termes de santé publique et d’environnement, ainsi que pour certains secteurs économiques comme la pêche, le tourisme et le marché de l’immobilier. Les retombées favorables des services d’eau sont rarement considérées dans leur pleine mesure pour différentes raisons, notamment la difficulté de quantifier d’importants avantages non économiques tels que les valeurs de non-usage, la dignité, le statut social, la propreté et le bien-être général. Par ailleurs, les informations concernant les avantages liés aux services d’eau sont souvent enfouies dans des documents techniques et échappent aux principaux décideurs des ministères. Ce rapport réunit et résume les informations existantes sur les avantages de l’eau et de l’assainissement.

Sanitation -- Finance. --- Water resources development -- Finance. --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Water resources development --- Sanitation --- Finance. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering

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Well-run water utilities play an important role in ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Consumers need reliable access to high quality and affordable water and sanitation services. To deliver these basic services efficiently and effectively requires high-performing utilities that are able to respond to urban growth, to connect with the poor, and to improve wastewater disposal practices. The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities of the World Bank''s Water and Sanitation Program (IBNET) has been involved in water sector monitoring since 1997. IBNET works

Water utilities --- Sanitation --- Municipal services --- Municipal services within corporate limits --- Public services --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Water companies --- Municipal government --- Public utilities --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Water-supply

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This report examines innovative mechanisms that can help attract new financial resources into water and sanitation services. In particular, it focuses on mobilising market-based repayable financing (such as loans, bonds and equity) as a way of bridging the financial gap to meet the water-related Millennium Development Goals and other crucial sector objectives. The Camdessus and Gurría reports, published seven and four years ago, respectively, formulated a number of recommendations in this area. This report examines the extent to which these recommendations have been implemented. It looks at the rapidly evolving global context and to the ongoing financial and economic crisis, and considers how innovation in financing for the water sector may need to adapt.

Water industry. --- Water resources development -- Finance. --- Water resources development. --- Water resources development --- Agricultural Economics --- Business & Economics --- Finance --- Water-supply --- Sanitation --- Finance. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water utilities