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A solid waste management (SWM) preparation mission was carried out mid-2004 for the World Bank Coastal Cities Environmental Sanitation Project (CCESP). The purpose of the mission was to assess the SEM needs of the cities of Dong Hoi, Nha Trang, and Quy Nhon over a fifteen-year planning horizon, taking into account the quantity, character, and distribution of solid wastes, disposal alternatives and management systems governing administration and finance. The World Bank is now supporting a consultancy, the objectives of which are to present a range of options for use of the private sector in solid waste collection and septage management, to agree a preferred approach for each CCESP city, and then to develop a detailed implementation program. The consultancy is to be conducted over two separate trips to the three project cities. The first trip was conducted between 13 and 30 September, 2005 and included a visit to Da Nang to discuss private sector participation initiatives introduced in that city as part of the World Bank's Three Cities Sanitation Project. This paper presents the initial findings of the public-private partnership (PPP) consultancy team and addresses each key activity. The findings of the visit to Da Nang are also included in this paper.

Public Sector Reform --- Sanitation --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Waste Disposal and Utilization --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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Safely managed sanitation is a focus of the SDGs and central to stunting reduction and early childhood survival, both identified by the World Bank's Human Capital Index as critical for humans to develop their full potential. In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked access to safely managed sanitation. This paper finds that hundreds of millions more people are exposed to significant health risks due to unsafely managed sanitation. This report explores the challenges of fecal sludge management (FSM) in densely populated rural areas and it presents some typical current practices, examples of financially sustainable FSM services, and global innovations in waste management with potential replicability for FSM. Its aim is to promote dialogue on how to move from the Millennium Development Goals' approach to rural sanitation-effectively, building toilets-to the Sustainable Development Goals' approach: safely managed sanitation systems. The paper concludes that the sanitation service chain spans both private and public goods, and market mechanisms are not always adequate to mitigate the safety risks. Public funding will be needed to cover the affordability gap and address safely managed sanitation, requiring a clear and long-term commitment and support from government. The case is similar to that for networked sanitation: without public support, improving the safety of existing FSM services is likely to decrease profit margins and potentially render businesses unviable.

Rural Development --- Sanitation --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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This note summarizes lessons from the Water and Sanitation Program's (WSP) technical assistance to improve performance and cost-recovery at the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) and Sierra Leone's Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC). The focus on cost-recovery reflects its critical importance to the viability of utilities. There are 'almost no examples in developing countries' of utilities 'whose operating revenues are significantly below O&M costs and that are nevertheless able to develop and maintain their infrastructure and provide a reliable and efficient service'. (McPhail, and others, 2012). WSP's technical assistance sought to strengthen reform efforts initiated by the management teams at LWSC and GVWC by improving the utilities' ability to sustainably fund their operations. Three aspects of cost-recovery were prioritized: (a) improving metering, billing and collection processes (b) reducing commercial non-revenue water and (c) investigating options to expand the utilities' revenue base by connecting new customers more effectively.

Cost Recovery --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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This technical guide seeks to demonstrate that, by encouraging small, continuous improvements in landfill siting, construction, and operation, the accumulative effect over time is the achievement of better operations. The guide does not seek an immediate adoption of sanitary landfill practices. Instead, sanitary landfill is regarded as an eventual goal for which middle- and lower-income countries can plan during the course of several years. A common theme throughout the guide is the emphasis on the practical ways landfills can evolve, as resources and confidence increase, from open dumps to "controlled" dumps to "engineered" landfills and perhaps, one day, to sanitary landfills.

Landfills --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Urban Solid Waste Management --- Waste Disposal and Utilization --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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This discussion paper supplements the 2018 World Bank Global Study on Aligning Institutions and Incentives for Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS), which promotes holistic approaches in shaping policies, institutions, and regulation. The paper examines how lower-, lower-middle-, and middle-income countries (LMICs) could implement more effective regulation to deliver sustainable WSS outcomes by considering political, legal, and institutional realities. Rather than importing "best practice" models, experience has emphasized the importance of developing "best fit" regulatory frameworks aligned with policy and institutional frameworks of LMICs. To this end, this discussion paper provides an overview of three regulatory aspects-objectives, forms, and functions-to support practitioners as they consider their own regulatory reform options. It discusses the objectives of water sector regulation in LMICs, types of regulatory arrangements and structures that are being used in LMICs, and instruments and methods that regulators in LMICs use to implement their mandated functions and ends with suggestions on where the WSS community goes from here to better understand the preconditions for effective regulation. This paper does not offer definitive conclusions but rather provides suggestions on the way forward through a phased approach to regulatory reform. Importantly, it sheds light on issues that warrant further investigation to determine the future of WSS regulation in LMICs.

Incentives --- Sanitation and sewerage --- Water supply --- Water supply and sanitation --- Water supply and sanitation economics --- Water supply and sanitation governance and institutions