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"This book investigates the role of social protection amongst African pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, with a particular focus on Ethiopia. Based on rigorous empirical research, this book assesses the successes, failures, prospects and lessons learned from Africa's largest social security intervention: Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme. It goes beyond an analysis of immediate impacts, exploring factors such as highland-lowland interactions, rural-urban linkages, economic diversification, the role of youth, indigenous safety nets and social capital. Special attention is given to gender-responsive social protection measures and to the circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the book demonstrates the value of indigenous knowledge systems and local institutions in contributing to the design of more effective safety net programmes and disaster responses and in helping people to build resilience and cope with shocks. At a time when social protection is gaining prominence in contemporary development discourse, this book will be of interest to development practitioners"--

Food security. --- Food security --- Pastoral systems. --- Productive Safety Net Programme (Ethiopia)

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While the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries, and some people, more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. The paper points out some mistakes in past crisis responses and identifies key design features for safety net programs that can help compensate for the likely welfare losses in the short-term while also promoting longer-term recovery.

Economic growth --- Financial crisis --- Income --- Income support --- Poor --- Poverty line --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Safety net --- Safety net programs --- Safety Nets and Transfers --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social policy --- Social protection --- Social Protections and Labor

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L'Afrique a connu une forte croissance economique au cours des 2 dernieres decennies. Cependant, les indices de pauvrete chronique restent tres eleves, alors que la frequence des chocs auxquels sont confrontes les menages pauvres s'accentue et que l'ecart entre les differents groupes de revenus s'elargit, particulierement en termes de capital humain et d'acces aux services essentiels. A travers le soutien regulier et fiable aux menages pauvres et vulnerables et l'appui a l'investissement productif, les interventions ciblees telles que les filets sociaux ont fait la preuve de leur capacite a faire reculer la pauvrete, a renverser les inegalites croissantes et a augmenter la resilience des menages. Suite a la crise economique mondiale, un nombre croissant de decideurs politiques africains en sont venus a considerer les filets sociaux comme des instruments cles de reduction de la pauvrete et de gestion des risques. L'elan vers la rationalisation de la depense publique a travers l'utilisation de methodes plus appropriees de ciblage des menages pauvres et vulnerables s'accentue. Reduire la pauvrete et investir dans le capital humain : le nouveau role des filets sociaux en Afrique examine les objectifs, les caracteristiques, la performance et le financement des filets sociaux mis en oeuvre dans 22 pays d'Afrique subsaharienne et identifie les moyens qui permettront aux differents gouvernements et partenaires techniques et financiers de renforcer les systemes de filets sociaux afin que ces derniers puissent mieux soutenir les populations pauvres et vulnerables. De facon generale, les auteurs ont constate que les filets sociaux etaient de plus en plus populaires en Afrique et que la transformation des programmes d'aide alimentaire d'urgence en filets sociaux reguliers et previsibles s'intensifiait, notamment sous forme de programmes de transferts monetaires cibles et d'interventions d'argent contre travail. Certains pays africains, principalement le Kenya, le Rwanda et la Tanzanie procedent actuellement a l'unification de leurs programmes au sein d'un systeme national. Grace a la disponibilite d'analyses actualisees des filets sociaux d'Afrique, des resultats encourageants tires des evaluations d'impact et des possibilites productives offertes par les programmes de transferts monetaires dans les pays africains, les decideurs considerent maintenant, dans leurs echeanciers de developpement, les filets sociaux comme des instruments prioritaires et efficaces de reduction de la pauvrete et de la vulnerabilite.

Cash Transfer --- Experience in 22 Countries --- Investing in the Poor --- Poverty Reduction in Africa --- Productive Safety Net --- Protection and Promotion

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The degree to which a labor market is segmented and jobs in the formal sector of the economy are rationed is critical to the analysis of coverage of social insurance and pensions. Using unique panel data spanning the 1998-99 contraction in Chile, the author finds little evidence that self-employment is the residual sector of a dualistic labor market, as is often depicted in the literature. Data on transitions between sectors show that self-employment is not a free-entry sector, and that entrepreneurs can be "pushed" out of self-employment just as others are pushed out of formal employment during economic downturns. But employment without a contract does exhibit many of the features of the free-entry, employment safety net depicted in the dualistic literature. An annex to this paper presents supportive evidence from static analysis of selection-corrected wage differentials and a comment on the drawbacks of this approach.

Income security --- Informal Employment --- Informal sector --- Jobs --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Labor Markets --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Safety net --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wage differentials --- Workers

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This paper investigates how the permanent departure of the father from a household affects children's school enrollment and work participation in rural Colombia. The results indicate that the permanent departure of the father decreases children's school enrollment by approximately 5 percentage points and increases child labor by 3 percentage points. This paper explores the rollout of a conditional-cash-transfer program during the period of study and shows that this program counteracts these adverse effects. When coupled with other evidence, this finding strongly suggests that the channel through which the father's departure most affects children is by reducing the income of very poor households, which tightens their liquidity constraints. This finding also highlights the important safety-net role played by welfare programs with respect to disadvantaged households, particularly because these households are unlikely to have formal or informal mechanisms with which to insure themselves against such vagaries.

Child labor --- Conditional cash transfer --- Credit and insurance market failures --- Income loss --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Permanent absence --- Safety net --- Schooling