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S. Epidermidis is commensal bacteria of the skin and mucous membranes. Biofilms refer to communities of microorganism that adhere to a support.The use of biomaterials can lead to infections and in some cases, lead to sepsis.The matrix produced by the bacteria confers protection against the action of immune system and antibiotic therapy. Several researchers are trying to put in place strategies against S. Epidermidis biofilms. These approaches are available in preventive and curative strategies. In prevention, the development of a vaccine or the use of chelating agents are proposed to target the biofilm. However, when the patients is infected, the researchers will target the components of the matrix. Techniques proposed are the use of bacteriophages and the inhibition of quorum sensing. Other teams have studied the interest of dispersing the biofilm and thus male the isolated bacteria again sensitive to the antibiotic. The use of enzymes, ultrasound using microbubbles and nanoparticles are techniques used in the dispersion of the matrix. A better understanding of host-pathogen relationships and elucidation of biofilm biology would reveal new targets for combating infections with S epidermidis biofilms. S. Epidermidis est une bactérie commensale de la peau et des muqueuses. Les biofilms désignent des communautés de microorganismes qui adhérent sur un support. L’usage de biomatériaux peut entraîner des infections et, dans certains cas, mener à des septicémies. La matrice produite par les bactéries confère une protection contre l’action du système immunitaire et l’antibiothérapie. Plusieurs équipes tentent de mettre en place des stratégies préventives et curatives. Actuellement, les alternatives thérapeutiques consistent au retrait du matériel et/ou à une antibiothérapie. Vu l’émergence de souches résistantes et l’impact clinique associées aux biofilms, de nombreuses pistes expérimentales sont développées. En prévention, le développement d’un vaccin ou l’usage d’agents chélateurs sont proposés pour cibler le biofilm. Cependant, quand le patient est infecté, les chercheurs vont cibler les composants de la matrice. Les techniques proposées sont l’usage de bactériophages et l’inhibition du quorum sensing. D’autres équipes ont étudié l’intérêt de disperser le biofilm et ainsi rendre les bactéries isolées à nouveau sensibles à l’antibiotique. L’emploi d’enzymes, les ultrasons à l’aide de microbulles et les nanoparticules sont les techniques utilisées dans la dispersion de la matrice. Une meilleure compréhension des relations hôte-pathogène et l’élucidation de la biologie du biofilm permettraient de dévoiler de nouvelles cibles pour combattre les infections des biofilms à S. epidermidis.

Staphylococcus epidermidis --- Biofilms --- Drug Therapy

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Staphylococcus epidermidis --- Bacteremia --- Bacterial Typing Techniques --- Staphylococcal Infections --- Coagulase --- isolation & purification --- microbiology --- metabolism

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Based on a fundamental understanding of the interaction between bacteria and nanomaterials, this book highlights the latest research on the antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials and provides an invaluable blueprint for improving the antimicrobial performance of devices and products. This book introduces the reader to the progress being made in the field, followed by an outline of applications in different areas. Various methods and techniques of synthesis and characterization are detailed. The content provides insight into the ongoing research, current trends, and technical challenges in this rapidly progressing field. Therefore, this book is highly suitable for materials scientists, engineers, biologists, and technologists.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- boron nitride --- chitosan --- polyhydroxyalkanoate --- nanocomposite --- biocompatible --- antibacterial --- titanate nanotubes --- TNT --- Ag --- Escherichia coli --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- antimicrobial --- layer-by-layer --- coatings --- Nafion --- multilayers --- essential oil --- encapsulation --- bovine casein --- antifungal activity --- fruit preservation --- antibacterial activity --- photocatalyst --- titania --- nanomaterial --- doping --- Staphylococcus aureus --- reactive oxygen species --- silver nanoparticle --- visible light --- nanoscale additive manufacturing --- surface nanopatterns --- antibacterial effects --- controlled disorder --- interspace --- zinc oxide --- electrochemical synthesis --- BAC --- PDDA --- nanorod --- XPS --- TEM --- B. subtilis --- silver nanoparticles --- carboxymethyl-cellulose --- composite --- cytotoxicity --- nanoparticle --- drug delivery system --- diabetes mellitus --- wound healing --- diabetic foot ulcer --- pathophysiology --- hybrid nanostructures --- nanovesicles --- nanoparticles --- copper --- antibiofilm --- metal nanoparticles --- fiber material --- bioluminescent cells --- boron nitride --- chitosan --- polyhydroxyalkanoate --- nanocomposite --- biocompatible --- antibacterial --- titanate nanotubes --- TNT --- Ag --- Escherichia coli --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- antimicrobial --- layer-by-layer --- coatings --- Nafion --- multilayers --- essential oil --- encapsulation --- bovine casein --- antifungal activity --- fruit preservation --- antibacterial activity --- photocatalyst --- titania --- nanomaterial --- doping --- Staphylococcus aureus --- reactive oxygen species --- silver nanoparticle --- visible light --- nanoscale additive manufacturing --- surface nanopatterns --- antibacterial effects --- controlled disorder --- interspace --- zinc oxide --- electrochemical synthesis --- BAC --- PDDA --- nanorod --- XPS --- TEM --- B. subtilis --- silver nanoparticles --- carboxymethyl-cellulose --- composite --- cytotoxicity --- nanoparticle --- drug delivery system --- diabetes mellitus --- wound healing --- diabetic foot ulcer --- pathophysiology --- hybrid nanostructures --- nanovesicles --- nanoparticles --- copper --- antibiofilm --- metal nanoparticles --- fiber material --- bioluminescent cells

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Although 30% of the healthy human population is colonized with various Staphylococcus species, some staphylococcal strains, referred to as opportunistic pathogens, can cause minor to life-threatening diseases. The pathogenicity of these bacteria depends on their virulence factors and the robustness of the regulatory networks expressing these virulence factors. Virulence factors of pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. consist of numerous toxins, enterotoxins (some of which act as superantigens), enzymes, and proteins (cytoplasmic, extracellular, and surface) that are regulated by two-component (TC) and quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory networks. To enter this niche, some other Staphylococcus species, such as Staphylococcus simulans, produce a potent endopeptidase called lysostaphin, which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic S. aureus. Some other Staphylococcus species produce autolysins and cationic peptides to win the intra- and inter-species competition. The outcome of this microbial invasion depends not only on pathogenic factors but also on the host’s internal and external defense mechanisms, including a healthy skin microbiome. A healthy skin microbiome population can prevent colonization by other major pathogens. As normal host microflora, these commensals establish a complex relationship with the host as well as the surrounding microbial communities. This Special Issue of Microorganisms is focused on studies and recent advancements in our understanding of staphylococcal virulence mechanisms that enable Staphylococcus spp. either to successfully establish themselves as a colonizer or to overcome the host’s defense system to cause infection along with our effort to make an anti-staphylococcal vaccine.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization --- biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization

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Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.

Information technology industries --- electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head-taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head-neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant-cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation --- electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head-taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head-neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant-cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation