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SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS --- PEPTIDOMIMETICS

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Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose homeostasis and in the control of lipid metabolism. In 1981, frank and his co-workers found that the glycogen metabolism, in isolated hepatocytes, was more sensitive to insulin than the insulin receptor. They explained this phenomenon by the presence of “spare receptors”. It involved that a slight activation of the insulin signalling pathway was sufficient to obtain maximal metabolic responses. Similar experiments performed in other tissues indicated that spare receptors were not present everywhere. This first aim of my work was to determine if the spare receptor phenomenon exists in the heart. Moreover, several experiments realised in our laboratory showed a difference in sensitivity between protein kinase B and the metabolic effect of insulin. This questioned the participation of this enzyme in the metabolic effect of insulin.
To answer these two questions, we incubated rat cardiomyocytes with various concentration of insulin. Dose-responses curves were established, describing the effects of insulin on its signalling pathway and on metabolism. The targets studied in the signalling pathway were the insulin receptor, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3. The metabolic responses studied here were glucose uptake and fructose-2;6-P2 concentration. The final step was to compare the ED50 obtained for each target studied. The ED50 represents the concentration of ligand that causes 50% of the maximal effect. A similar ED50 value (± 17 nM) was obtained for all elements of the insulin signalling pathway, from IR to GSK-3. By contrast, the two metabolic responses studied here were more sensitive (± 1.2 nM). From these results, we can conclude that spare receptors for insulin indeed exist in the heart and that a role of PKB in the metabolic effects of insulin can not be excluded L’insuline joue un rôle essentiel dans l’homéostasie du glucose et dans le contrôle du métabolisme des lipides. En 1981, Frank et collaborateurs ont mis en évidence, dans des hépatocytes en suspension, la présence d’une différence de sensibilité à l’insuline entre le récepteur insulinique et le métabolisme du glycogène, ce dernier étant le plus sensible. Ils avaient, à l’époque, expliqué ce phénomène par l’existence de « récepteurs de réserve » ou « spare receptors ». La présence de ces récepteurs de réserve impliquait qu’une petit activation au départ de la voie de signalisation de l’insuline était suffisante pour obtenir des réponses métaboliques maximales. Des expériences similaires ont ensuite été effectuées dans d’autres tissus et ont montré que la présence d’une telle différence de sensibilité à l’insuline varie en fonction du tissu étudié. Le premier objectif de mon travail a été par conséquent de savoir qu’est-ce qu’il en était du tissu cardiaque. D’autre part, des expériences réalisées dans notre laboratoire avaient mis en évidence l’existence d’une différence de sensibilité à l’insuline entre la protéine kinase B et les effets métaboliques de cette hormone, dans le cœur. Cela remettait en question la participation de cette enzyme aux effets métaboliques de l’insuline. Pur pouvoir répondre à ces deux questions, la première étape a été d’incuber des cardiomyocytes de rats aves des concentrations croissantes en insuline. Des courbes doses-réponses ont ensuite été établies, celles-ci décrivant les effets de l’insuline sur sa voie de signalisation et sur le métabolisme glucidique. Les cibles qui ont été étudiées dans la voie de signalisation sont le récepteur insulinique, la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, la protéine kinase B et la glycogène synthase kinase-3. D’autre part, les deux réponses métaboliques qui ont été choisies sont le captage du glucose et l’augmentation de la concentration en fructose-2,6-P2. Enfin, la dernière étape a été de déterminer et de comparer les ED50 obtenues pour chacune des courbes. La ED50 désigne la concentration en ligand nécessaire pour obtenir 50% de l’effet maximal. Les ED50 sont semblables pour tous les constituants de la voie de signalisation de l’insuline (± 17 nM). Les effets métaboliques, quant à eux, sont caractérisés par une sensibilité plus élevée envers l’insuline (± 1,2 nM). Ce travail montre donc que le phénomène de récepteurs de réserve est bien présent dans le cœur. De plus, nous ne pouvons pas exclure la participation de la PKB aux effets métaboliques de l’insuline, dans le cœur

Insulin --- src Homology Domains --- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases --- 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

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"Quebec has never signed on to Canada's constitution. After both major attempts to win Quebec's approval - the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords - failed, Quebec came within a fraction of a percentage point of voting for independence. Everyone Says No examines how the failure of these accords was depicted in French and English media and the ways in which journalists' reporting failed to translate the differences between Quebec and the rest of Canada. Focusing on the English- and French-language networks of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Kyle Conway draws on the CBC/Radio Canada rich print and video archive as well as journalists' accounts of their reporting to revisit the story of the accords and the furor they stirred in both French and English Canada. He shows that CBC/Radio Canada attempts to translate language and culture and encourage understanding among Canadians actually confirmed viewers' pre-existing assumptions rather than challenging them. The first book to examine translation in Canadian news, Everyone Says No also provides insight into Canada's constitutional history and the challenges faced by contemporary public service broadcasters in increasingly multilingual and multicultural communities."--Publisher's website.

Public broadcasting --- Multilingual communication --- Constitutional amendments --- Communication --- Intercultural communication --- Non-commercial broadcasting --- Noncommercial broadcasting --- Broadcasting --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional law --- Constitutions --- Constitutional entrenchment --- Translating --- History --- Press coverage. --- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. --- Canadian broadcasting corporation --- USA. Department of health and human services. Center for disease control --- Press coverage --- E-books --- #KVHA:Vertaalwetenschap --- #KVHA:Vertaling; Openbare omroep --- Canada. --- CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) --- CBC Radio --- Radio-Canada --- Société Radio-Canada --- SRC (Société Radio-Canada) --- SRC Radio --- Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland --- Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission

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The teaching of engineering and a change in liberal arts curricula, both stimulated by industrial growth, encouraged the creation of specialized courses in the sciences. By the 1890s, Gingras argues, trained researchers had begun to appear in Canadian universities. The technological demands of the First World War and the founding, in 1916, of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) accelerated the growth of scientific research. The Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada could no longer publish everything submitted to it because of the disproportionately large number of research papers from the fields of science. In response, the NRC created the Canadian Journal of Research, a journal specifically dedicated to the publication of scientific research. By 1930, a stable, national system of scientific research was in place in Canada. Following the dramatic increase in the national importance of their disciplines, scientists faced the problem of social identity. Gingras demonstrates that in the case of physics this took the form of a conflict between those who promoted a professional orientation, necessary to compete successfully with engineers in the labour market, and those, mainly in the universities, who were concerned with problems of the discipline such as publication, internal management, and awards. Physics and the Rise of Scientific Research in Canada is the first book to provide a general analysis of the origins of scientific research in Canadian universities. Gingras proposes a sociological model of the formation of scientific disciplines, distinguishing the profession from the discipline, two notions often confused by historians and sociologists of science.

Research --- Science --- Physics --- Federal aid to research --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Information services --- Learning and scholarship --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Research subsidies --- Research grants --- History. --- Study and teaching (Higher) --- Law and legislation --- Federal aid --- Finance --- Royal Society of Canada. --- SRC --- Société royale du Canada --- RSC The Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada --- SRC Les Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada --- Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada --- RSC --- Universities and colleges

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Integrating biomass production of short rotation woody crops (SRWCs), with their use in environmental applications to produce income, sequester carbon, and clean the environment, provides an opportunity to enhance livelihoods and increase ecosystem services in rural and urban communities. This book consists of 20 papers from the special issue on the Growth and Development of SRWCs for Rural and Urban Applications highlighting four genera (Phalaris L., Populus L., Robinia L., Salix L.) from 13 countries. In addition to the development and management of a Salix cultivar database, rural and urban applications represented in the book included: a) forest buffers, b) forest health screening, c) phytoremediation, d) short rotation coppice, e) volume production, and f) wastewater reuse.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Forestry & related industries --- cutback --- mulch --- Salix --- short-rotation coppice --- weed control --- woody biomass --- intensive silviculture --- Populus maximowiczii × P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa --- fast-growing tree species --- severe soil disturbance --- foliar nutrition --- soil inorganic N --- deer browsing --- short rotation coppice --- yield loss --- bioenergy plantation --- Populus --- renewable energy --- Populus × euramericana --- Lonsdalea populi --- canker diseases --- poplar diseases --- bacterial canker of poplars --- die-back of poplars --- MLSA --- short rotation coppice (SRC) --- biomass --- white poplar --- black locust --- monocultures --- mixture --- leaf litter --- SRC (Short Rotation Coppice) --- short rotation woody crops --- sustainability --- Mediterranean conditions --- management --- review --- fuelwood --- seasoning --- log diameter --- splitting --- heating value --- moisture content --- agroforestry --- red maple --- white ash --- trembling aspen --- fast growing trees --- poplar hybrids --- poplar clones --- tree height --- DBH --- stem volume --- yield --- Kyrgyzstan --- Kazakhstan --- Tajikistan --- ecosystem services --- multi-environmental trials (MET) --- phenotypic plasticity --- phyto buffers --- phyto-recurrent selection --- phytotechnologies --- poplars --- effluent water treatment --- short rotation coppice willow --- irrigation --- growth response --- biomass crops --- mineral content --- tree growth --- tree biomass --- volume forest stand --- thickness classes --- clonal selection --- genotype × environment (G × E) interactions --- evapotranspirative willow system --- resource recovery --- sustainable wastewater treatment --- oil sands reclamation --- end-pit lake --- balsam poplar --- salt tolerance --- Populus sp. --- bioenergy --- SRC --- financial analysis --- break-even-point --- net present value --- proof-of-concept: use case --- spreadsheet --- CSV file --- SQL --- database --- data integrity --- GitHub --- Linux --- poplar --- salt stress --- gene expression analyses --- radical scavenger capacity --- osmolytes --- cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta) --- stand density --- fertilizer application --- soil quality --- Melampsora rust --- energy crops --- land use --- reed canary grass (RCG) --- Phalaris arundinacea L. --- n/a