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Zea mays --- Zea mays --- biological development --- biological development --- Physiological regulation --- Physiological regulation --- genomes --- genomes --- genes --- genes --- Spm --- Spm

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In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children’s neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

Medicine --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants

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This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into the issue of the mercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This ubiquitous contaminant has been used by humans for many years, resulting in global contamination. When this toxic contaminant is converted to methylmercury, it accumulates in trophic chains, which is a major issue for wildlife and human health. The nine articles contained within this Special Issue on ‘‘Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems’’ endeavour to identify the historical evolution of Hg and MeHg levels in aquatic environments, and to evaluate the impact of current and historical human activities, such as mining, climate change, and soil erosion, on receptor ecosystems and food chains.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Cytotoxicity --- erythrocytes --- methylmercury --- malondialdehyde --- in vitro --- superoxide dismutase --- mercury --- PQMI --- Palawan --- abandoned mines --- mine wastes --- sediments --- mussel --- mussel watch --- Mytilus --- St. Lawrence --- sediment --- water --- SPM --- gold mining --- French Guiana --- monomethylmercury --- water–sediment interface --- diel and seasonal cycles --- photodegradation --- particulate mercury --- suspended particulate matter --- particulate organic carbon --- Amazon rainforest --- mammoth fauna mammals --- hair --- environmental changes --- paleoclimate --- Pleistocene --- Yakutia --- lakes --- wet deposition --- ecological restoration --- mercury mobility --- microbial activities --- biogeochemistry --- gold mining activities --- n/a --- water-sediment interface

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The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers --- n/a

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The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers