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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
lupus (SLE) --- SNP --- genetic variant --- pathogenesis --- autoimmunity
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Medicine --- Immunology --- lupus (SLE) --- SNP --- genetic variant --- pathogenesis --- autoimmunity --- lupus (SLE) --- SNP --- genetic variant --- pathogenesis --- autoimmunity
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single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- genotype --- molecular markers --- polymorphism
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Medicine --- Immunology --- lupus (SLE) --- SNP --- genetic variant --- pathogenesis --- autoimmunity
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This study aims to infer the origin of the Piétrain breed, to estimate the diversity of the Walloon Piétrain population and to analyze the existing genetic diversity of different European Piétrain populations. For these purposes, pedigree and pseudo-phenotypes (i.e. deregressed estimated breeding values) of the Walloon population and genotypes of several European populations were analyzed. The Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) based on genotypes did not allow to have an exact assumption of the Piétrain breed origin. However, it suggested the involvement of different local English (e.g. Berkshire) and Spotted breeds. To have an insight of the Walloon genetic diversity, different pedigree parameters of boars provided to progeny testing were then analyzed. The average inbreeding coefficient was 2.74%, the effective population size (Ne) was 223 and the genetic diversity parameter was 97.96%. The genetic diversity found in the Walloon population seemed therefore relatively high. Gene flows, relatively uncommon between farms, were also studied by a MDS based on the opposite of kinship coefficients. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on pseudo-phenotypes provided complementary information about breeding objectives as it was found that owners focused on meat or growth traits. It could therefore be suggested to the Belgian Piétrain program, based on the boar’s semen cryopreservation, to sample representative boars in the population regarding its genetic and phenotypic diversities. Moreover, as one owner provided 55% of the tested boars, owners should equally contribute to progeny testing. Finally, different European and an American Piétrain populations were analyzed through genotypes. Inbreeding estimations and Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs) stated that Dutch and American populations, supposedly held by commercial firms, were more inbred and uniform. More exchanges of animals should be done in these populations to avoid bottleneck in the future.
Piétrain --- conservation --- pedigree --- phenotypes --- SNP --- genetic --- populations --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie
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Le chat forestier (Felis silvestris), après avoir subi un important déclin au 19ème siècle, semble être actuellement en expansion dans certains pays. L'espèce reste toutefois vulnérable à plusieurs menaces liées à l'activité humaine. En effet, l'omniprésence de l'homme dans le paysage européen provoque une perte et une fragmentation de l'habitat du chat forestier, isolant ainsi des noyaux de population où la diversité génétique finira par diminuer. Cette proximité accrue avec les constructions anthropiques engendre un second problème : l'hybridation avec le chat domestique (Felis catus). Dans cette étude, nous cherchions à approfondir les connaissances concernant l'ampleur de ces menaces dans deux pays : la Belgique (Wallonie) et le Luxembourg. Pour ce faire, nous avons récolté des échantillons de poils grâce à des pièges à poils enduits de teinture de valériane. Ceux-ci ont ensuite été analysés à l'aide de la méthode SNP. Nous avons utilisé 96 SNPs sélectionnés spécifiquement pour le chat forestier et pour ce type d'analyse. Un des objectifs principaux était de vérifier la présence d'hybrides. Nous avons calculé un taux d'hybridation de 6% (N = 63) en Wallonie (principalement la province de Liège) et de 8% (N = 117) au Luxembourg. Ces taux relativement bas concordent avec les résultats de récentes études sur le sujet dans l'ouest de l'Europe. Nous avons également mis en évidence l'existence de deux groupes génétiques distincts au sein des chats forestiers dont nous ne connaissons pas encore l'origine. La faible différentiation génétique (DJost = 0.005) entre ces groupes nous incite à penser qu’ils appartiennent effectivement à une même grande population d'Europe centrale occidentale. En analysant les coefficients de consanguinité, nous avons constaté un risque de dépression de consanguinité plus élevé en Wallonie (FIS = 0.32) qu'au Luxembourg (FIS = 0.07). Il convient de rester prudent quant à l'interprétation de ces résultats car les méthodes d'échantillonnage diffèrent dans les deux pays. Nous n'excluons pas la possibilité d'un biais d'échantillonnage en Wallonie. Le second objectif principal, centré sur le Luxembourg, consistait à identifier les éléments du paysage qui impactaient la connectivité des chats forestiers par une approche de génétique du paysage. Nous avons observé que les forêts et zones agricoles jouaient un rôle de corridor, tandis que les autoroutes et zones urbaines agissaient étaient des obstacles au flux génétique de l'espèce. The European wildcat (Felis silvestris), after having suffered a significant decline in the 19th century, seems to be currently expanding in some countries. However, the species remains vulnerable to several threats related to human activity. Indeed, the omnipresence of man in the European landscape is causing a loss and fragmentation of the European wildcat's habitat, thus isolating small populations where genetic diversity will eventually decrease. This increased proximity to man-made constructions creates a second problem: hybridization with the domestic cat (Felis catus). In this study, we wanted to improve our knowledge of the extent of these threats in two countries: Belgium (Wallonia) and Luxembourg. To do so, we collected hair samples using hair traps coated with valerian dye. These were then analysed using the SNP method. We used 96 SNPs selected specifically for the European wildcat and for this type of analysis. One of the main objectives was to check the presence of hybrids. We calculated a hybridization rate of 6% (N = 63) in Wallonia (mainly the province of Liège) and 8% (N = 117) in Luxembourg. These relatively low rates are in line with the results of recent studies on the subject in Western Europe. We have also highlighted the existence of two distinct genetic groups in European wildcats. However, we don’t know their origin yet. The low genetic differentiation (DJost = 0.005) between these groups leads us to believe that they do indeed belong to the same large population in Western Central Europe. By analysing the inbreeding coefficients, we found a higher risk of inbreeding depression in Wallonia (FIS = 0.32) than in Luxembourg (FIS = 0.07). We must be careful when interpreting these results as the sampling methods differ in the two countries. We do not exclude the possibility of sampling bias in Wallonia. The second main objective, focusing on Luxembourg, was to identify landscape elements that impacted European wildcat connectivity using a landscape genetics approach. We observed that forests and agricultural areas acted as corridors, while motorways and urban areas acted as barriers to the gene flow of the species.
felis silvestris --- snp --- hybridization --- landscape fragmentation --- landscape genetics --- conservation genetics --- Sciences du vivant > Génétique & processus génétiques
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Le Scottish National Party (SNP) est présent dans le champ politique britannique et écossais depuis 1934. Son objectif ultime est depuis toujours l’obtention de l’indépendance de l’Écosse, mais les stratégies qu’il a développées pour y parvenir ont évolué au fil des décennies et des changements institutionnels et politiques dans le paysage britannique. Ce Mémoire examine les stratégies du SNP sur trois périodes. La première s’étend de 1934 à 2007. La deuxième couvre la période allant de 2007 à la veille du référendum sur le Brexit en juin 2016, en ce compris le référendum d’indépendance écossaise de 2014. La troisième, enfin, débute avec l’annonce des résultats du référendum sur le Brexit et s’achève en fin en février 2020. Pour cette dernière période, nous tentons plus précisément de voir si ces résultats (référendum du Brexit) marquent un point d’inflexion dans les stratégies du parti. Afin de répondre à cette question, ce travail analyse trois matériaux empiriques distincts : les manifestes du parti en vue des cinq dernières élections (britanniques, écossaises, européennes) ; les sept discours prononcés par des représentants du SNP lors du rassemblement de protestation contre le Brexit le 31 janvier 2020 à Édimbourg ; ainsi que treize entretiens semi-directifs avec des élus du SNP en février 2020 à Édimbourg (membres du législatif et de l’exécutif). The Scottish National Party (SNP) has been present in British and Scottish politics since 1934. Its ultimate goal has always been independence for Scotland, however, the strategies it has developed to achieve it have evolved over the last decades and through changes in the British institutional and political landscape. This Master’s thesis examines the SNP’s strategies over three periods. The first one goes from 1934 to 2007. The second covers the period from 2007 to the eve of the Brexit referendum in June 2016, including the Scottish independence referendum of 2014. The third one starts from the announcement of the Brexit referendum results to February 2020. We aim at assessing whether those results (Brexit referendum) mark a turning point in the party’s strategies. In order to answer this question, this work analyses three distinct empirical materials: the party’s manifestoes for the last five elections (British, Scottish, European); the seven speeches given by SNP representatives at the Brexit Day Protest Rally on the 31st of January 2020 in Edinburgh; and thirteen semi-directive interviews with SNP elected representatives in February 2020 in Edinburgh.
Écosse --- Nationalisme --- Scottish National Party / SNP --- Parti régionaliste --- Indépendance --- Royaume-Uni --- Référendum d'indépendance / d'autodétermination --- Autonomie --- Dévolution --- Stratégies de parti --- Brexit --- Indyref / Indyref2 --- Brexit --- Party strategies --- Scotland --- Devolution --- SNP --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales
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GEN Genetics & Population Genetics --- genetics --- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- genotype --- microsatellites --- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- molecular markers
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