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The present book contains nine articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue “Modeling and Control of Energy Conversion during Underground Coal Gasification Process” of the MDPI Energies journal. This book focuses on the energy conversion processes in underground coal gasification (UCG), as well as on the modeling and control of this process. The articles published in this book can be divided into three thematic parts of research in the field of underground coal gasification technology: the first part is the impact of technology on the environment, the second is research (studies) on the coal areas and coal properties of UCG technology, and the third is the monitoring, modeling, and control processes within UCG. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for workers and researchers in the field of underground coal gasification technology, as well as for those who are interested in the mathematical modeling and control of this process.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- low-carbon energy --- UCG technology --- grouting --- solidification soil --- soil air --- statistic model --- soil contamination --- atmospheric geochemical survey --- environmental burden --- underground coal gasification (UCG) --- optimization --- syngas --- calorific value --- optimal control --- operating variables --- control algorithm --- coal gasification --- rocks --- coal seam --- material balance --- heat balance --- tightness --- gas --- underground coal gasification --- georeactor --- char --- melted waste rock --- gas permeability --- tortuosity --- porosity --- measurement --- temperature --- regression --- model --- analyses --- cavity --- lignite --- UCG --- ex situ tests --- high temperature --- strength and structural parameters of rocks after heating --- destruction zone around gasified channel --- SNG --- UCG wastewater --- environmental impact assessment --- correlation analysis --- effluents --- n/a

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This volume brings together new contributions from renowned academic scholars, from experts on economies in transition and from the United Nations, the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as well as other international agencies. It aims to answer fundamental questions and spell out policy options to address the challenges for economies in transition. The volume includes comparative studies focusing on all transition economies, including Central and Eastern Europe, as well as regions such as Western Balkans and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Commonwealth of Independent States. --- Europe -- Economic conditions. --- Europe, Central -- Economic conditions -- 21st century. --- Europe, Central -- Economic policy -- 21st century. --- Europe, Eastern -- Economic conditions -- 21st century. --- Europe, Eastern -- Economic policy -- 21st century. --- Former Soviet republics -- Economic conditions -- 21st century. --- Former Soviet republics -- Economic policy -- 21st century. --- Mixed economy -- Europe, Central. --- Mixed economy -- Europe, Eastern. --- Mixed economy -- Europe. --- Mixed economy -- Former Soviet republics. --- Mixed economy --- Economy, Mixed --- Third way (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- CEI --- CIS --- Communauté des Etats indépendants --- Commonwealth States --- Comunità di Stati indipendenti --- Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten --- GUS (Commonwealth of Independent States) --- Ḥever ha-ʻAmim --- Ḥever ha-Medinot ha-ʻAtsmaʼiyot --- Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö --- IVY (Organization) --- Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union --- NIS --- SND --- SNG --- Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv --- Spivdruz︠h︡nistʹ nezalez︠h︡nykh derz︠h︡av --- Strany Sodruzhestva --- Tongnip Kukka Yŏnhap --- Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw --- ZND --- Zajednica nezavisnih država --- Koinopoliteia Anexartētōn Kratōn

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"This book makes two central claims: first, that mineral-rich states are cursed not by their wealth but, rather, by the ownership structure they choose to manage their mineral wealth and second, that weak institutions are not inevitable in mineral-rich states. Each represents a significant departure from the conventional resource curse literature, which has treated ownership structure as a constant across time and space and has presumed that mineral-rich countries are incapable of either building or sustaining strong institutions - particularly fiscal regimes. The experience of the five petroleum-rich Soviet successor states (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) provides a clear challenge to both of these assumptions. Their respective developmental trajectories since independence demonstrate not only that ownership structure can vary even across countries that share the same institutional legacy but also that this variation helps to explain the divergence in their subsequent fiscal regimes"--Provided by publisher. "This book makes two central claims: First, that mineral-rich states are cursed not by their wealth per se but rather by the ownership structure they chose to manage their mineral wealth; and second, that weak institutions are not inevitable in mineral-rich states. Each claim represents a significant departure from the conventional 'resource curse' literature, which has treated ownership structure as a constant across time and space and presumed that mineral-rich countries are incapable of either building or sustaining strong institutions - particularly fiscal regimes. The experience of the five petroleum-rich Soviet successor states (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) provides a clear challenge to both of these assumptions. Their respective developmental trajectories since independence demonstrate not only that ownership structure can vary even across countries that share the same institutional legacy, but also that this variation helps explain the divergence in their subsequent fiscal regimes"--Provided by publisher.

Relation between energy and economics --- Organization theory --- Russia --- Commonwealth of Independent States --- Petroleum industry and trade --- 338.013 --- 338.047 --- 338.731 --- CIS / Commonwealth Of Independant States - Gos - Cei --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie --- Aardolie. Aardolieschok --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Petroleum industry and trade - Soviet Union --- Commonwealth of Independent States. --- CEI --- CIS --- Communauté des Etats indépendants --- Commonwealth States --- Comunità di Stati indipendenti --- Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten --- GUS (Commonwealth of Independent States) --- Ḥever ha-ʻAmim --- Ḥever ha-Medinot ha-ʻAtsmaʼiyot --- Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö --- IVY (Organization) --- Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union --- NIS --- SND --- SNG --- Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv --- Spivdruz︠h︡nistʹ nezalez︠h︡nykh derz︠h︡av --- Strany Sodruzhestva --- Tongnip Kukka Yŏnhap --- Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw --- ZND --- Zajednica nezavisnih država --- Koinopoliteia Anexartētōn Kratōn

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Recent events in places like Kosovo and Georgia have put the spotlight on the international law of self-determination and secession. However, the definition of these concepts and the conditions for their application are unclear. This book sheds light on the meaning of self-determination and secession, with reference to four key post-Soviet regions.

Self-determination, National --- Secession --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- International Law - General --- Commonwealth of Independent States. --- Sovereignty --- Separatist movements --- National self-determination --- Nationalism --- Nation-state --- Nationalities, Principle of --- CEI --- CIS --- Communauté des Etats indépendants --- Commonwealth States --- Comunità di Stati indipendenti --- Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten --- GUS (Commonwealth of Independent States) --- Ḥever ha-ʻAmim --- Ḥever ha-Medinot ha-ʻAtsmaʼiyot --- Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö --- IVY (Organization) --- Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union --- NIS --- SND --- SNG --- Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv --- Spivdruz︠h︡nistʹ nezalez︠h︡nykh derz︠h︡av --- Strany Sodruzhestva --- Tongnip Kukka Yŏnhap --- Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw --- ZND --- Zajednica nezavisnih država --- Koinopoliteia Anexartētōn Kratōn --- Self-determination, National. --- Secession. --- International law. --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law

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Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.

Technology: general issues --- polynuclear cobalt complexes --- water oxidation --- artificial photosynthesis --- Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler --- nitrobenzene compounds wastewater --- pilot-scale test --- biodegradability-improvement --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- oxygenates --- iron --- cobalt --- ruthenium --- Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution --- Fischer-Tropsch --- catalyst deactivation --- potassium --- liquid-phase catalytic oxidation --- limonene --- carvone --- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- chain growth --- CO insertion --- kinetic isotope effect --- DFT --- hydrogenation of CO --- iron catalysts --- syngas --- monometallic iron catalysts --- Fischer-Tropsch product distribution --- reaction mechanism --- catalysis --- process synthesis and design --- energy conversion --- iron-cobalt bimetal catalysts --- electrochemical application --- hydrogen evolution --- oxygen evolution --- oxygen reduction --- RWGS --- iron oxides --- CO2 conversion --- gas-switching --- Synthetic natural gas (SNG) --- Cobalt --- Iron --- C2-C4 hydrocarbons --- paraffin ratio --- asymmetric hydrogenation --- homogeneous catalysis --- structural design --- conformational analysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- alumina --- strong metal support interactions --- CO2 hydrogenation --- pressure --- temperature --- cobalt carboxylate --- coating --- autoxidation --- alkyd --- siccative --- polymerization --- manganese --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- modeling --- kinetics --- Co --- Al2O3 --- Pt --- Cd --- In --- Sn --- hydrocarbon selectivity --- synergic effect --- GTL --- additives --- reducibility --- XANES --- mesoporous silica based catalysts --- kinetic studies --- 3-D printed microchannel microreactor --- cobalt-nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt-nickel alloys --- nickel --- HAADF-STEM --- TPR-EXAFS/XANES --- CO hydrogenation --- CSTR --- polynuclear cobalt complexes --- water oxidation --- artificial photosynthesis --- Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler --- nitrobenzene compounds wastewater --- pilot-scale test --- biodegradability-improvement --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- oxygenates --- iron --- cobalt --- ruthenium --- Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution --- Fischer-Tropsch --- catalyst deactivation --- potassium --- liquid-phase catalytic oxidation --- limonene --- carvone --- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- chain growth --- CO insertion --- kinetic isotope effect --- DFT --- hydrogenation of CO --- iron catalysts --- syngas --- monometallic iron catalysts --- Fischer-Tropsch product distribution --- reaction mechanism --- catalysis --- process synthesis and design --- energy conversion --- iron-cobalt bimetal catalysts --- electrochemical application --- hydrogen evolution --- oxygen evolution --- oxygen reduction --- RWGS --- iron oxides --- CO2 conversion --- gas-switching --- Synthetic natural gas (SNG) --- Cobalt --- Iron --- C2-C4 hydrocarbons --- paraffin ratio --- asymmetric hydrogenation --- homogeneous catalysis --- structural design --- conformational analysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- alumina --- strong metal support interactions --- CO2 hydrogenation --- pressure --- temperature --- cobalt carboxylate --- coating --- autoxidation --- alkyd --- siccative --- polymerization --- manganese --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- modeling --- kinetics --- Co --- Al2O3 --- Pt --- Cd --- In --- Sn --- hydrocarbon selectivity --- synergic effect --- GTL --- additives --- reducibility --- XANES --- mesoporous silica based catalysts --- kinetic studies --- 3-D printed microchannel microreactor --- cobalt-nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt-nickel alloys --- nickel --- HAADF-STEM --- TPR-EXAFS/XANES --- CO hydrogenation --- CSTR