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Viscosity. --- Melting furnaces --- Slags --- Melting furnaces --- Slags

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Mortar --- Slags --- Heat of solution --- Mortar --- Slags --- Heat of solution

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Coal. --- Combustion --- Ashes (residues) --- Blast furnace slags --- Chaudieres --- Corrosion --- Fouling --- Fours industriels

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Concrete is the most widely utilized construction material in the world. Thus, any action intended to enhance the sustainability of the construction industry must consider the supply chain, production, distribution demolition and eventual disposal, landfilling or recycling of this composite material. High-performance concrete may be one of the most effective options to make the construction sector more sustainable. Experience proves that the use of recycled concrete aggregates, as well as the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with other supplementary cementitious materials or alternative binders, are generally accepted as the most realistic solutions to reduce the environmental impacts, leading to sufficiently high mechanical performances. In structural applications such as those concerning the seismic and energy retrofitting of existing buildings, the use of high-performance cementitious composites often represents the more cost-effective solution, which allows us to minimize the costs of the intervention and the environmental impact. Eventually, the challenge of enhancing sustainability by raising durability of concrete structures is particularly relevant in those applications where maintenance is particularly expensive and impactful, in terms of both direct intervention costs and indirect costs deriving from downtime. The present Special Issue aims at providing readers with the most recent research results on the aforementioned subjects and further foster a collaboration between the scientific community and the industrial sector on a common commitment towards sustainable concrete constructions.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- recycled concrete aggregate --- recycled aggregate concrete --- durability --- freeze-thaw cycles --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- recycled concrete --- recycled aggregate --- shrinkage --- slags --- cement replacement --- existing beams --- retrofitting method --- environmental assessment --- fly ash --- moment-curvature relationship --- precast elements --- basalt --- concrete properties --- recycled natural basalt --- recycled concrete powder --- seismic retrofitting --- multilayer coating --- Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar --- energy performance of buildings --- point thermal bridges --- thermal behavior in summer --- case study --- prestressed concrete --- prestress losses --- bridges --- flexural strength --- shear strength --- drying and autogenous shrinkage --- creep --- sustainability --- shear bond --- UHPFRC --- push-off test --- tensile bond strength --- concrete overlay --- strengthening --- existing infrastructures --- digital microscopy --- surface roughness --- mortars --- MSWI bottom ash --- pozzolanic activity --- supplementary cementing materials --- water-retaining structures --- aggressive environment --- recycled concrete aggregate --- recycled aggregate concrete --- durability --- freeze-thaw cycles --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- recycled concrete --- recycled aggregate --- shrinkage --- slags --- cement replacement --- existing beams --- retrofitting method --- environmental assessment --- fly ash --- moment-curvature relationship --- precast elements --- basalt --- concrete properties --- recycled natural basalt --- recycled concrete powder --- seismic retrofitting --- multilayer coating --- Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar --- energy performance of buildings --- point thermal bridges --- thermal behavior in summer --- case study --- prestressed concrete --- prestress losses --- bridges --- flexural strength --- shear strength --- drying and autogenous shrinkage --- creep --- sustainability --- shear bond --- UHPFRC --- push-off test --- tensile bond strength --- concrete overlay --- strengthening --- existing infrastructures --- digital microscopy --- surface roughness --- mortars --- MSWI bottom ash --- pozzolanic activity --- supplementary cementing materials --- water-retaining structures --- aggressive environment

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

Technology: general issues --- ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization --- n/a