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In this special issue of Diagnostics, expert contributors have produced up-to-date research studies and reviews on various topics related to the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment. The methods of the assessments discussed extend from simple neurological signs, which may be elicited in the clinical encounter, through cognitive screening instruments, to sophisticated analyses of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease. It is hoped that these various methods may facilitate earlier diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, and provide differential diagnosis of depression and functional cognitive disorders, as a prelude to meaningful interventions.

screening --- MoCA --- neurodegeneration --- accuracy --- frontotemporal dementia --- cognitive assessment --- Free-Cog --- molecular imaging --- Alzheimer’s --- standardised mini-mental state examination --- decision tree --- differential diagnosis depression vs. MCI/dementia --- computerized cognitive assessment --- quantification --- Alzheimer’s disease --- functional cognitive disorder --- diagnosis --- Triple Test --- diagnostic imaging --- neurocognitive disorder --- feasibility --- TYM-MCI --- amyloid --- cerebrospinal fluid --- dementia --- precision medicine --- Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination --- memory --- depression in old age --- quick mild cognitive impairment screen --- cognition --- nuclear medicine --- TYM --- Rapid Cognitive Screen --- 18F-FDG --- functional neurological disorder cognition --- stroke --- sensitivity and specificity --- Codex --- mortality --- mild cognitive impairment --- cognitive screening instruments --- cognitive impairment --- aging --- SKT (Syndrom-Kurztest) --- PET --- executive function --- Cognition disorders --- Dementia --- Diagnosis. --- SKT (Syndrome-Kurztest)