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The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships, and was established in 1982 to encourage small businesses to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the U.S. government's many missions. The U.S. Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs, and with recommending further improvements to the program. In the first round of this study, an ad hoc committee prepared a series of reports from 2004 to 2009 on the SBIR program at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program's operations--including the National Science Foundation (NSF). Building on the outcomes from the first round, this second round presents the committee's second review of the NSF SBIR program's operations. Public-private partnerships like SBIR are particularly important since today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs.

Small business --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Technological innovations --- Research --- Size --- National Science Foundation (U.S.). --- SBIR --- S.B.I.R. --- Evaluation. --- E-books

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The SBIR program allocates 2.5 percent of 11 federal agencies' extramural R&D budgets to fund R&D projects by small businesses, providing approximately $2 billion annually in competitive awards. At the request of Congress the National Academies conducted a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs. Drawing substantially on new data collection, this book examines the SBIR program at the National Institutes of Health and makes recommendations for improvements. Separate reports will assess the SBIR program at DOD, NSF, DOE, and NASA, respectively, along with a comprehensive report on the entire program.

Small business --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Technology transfer --- Research and development contracts, Government --- Program Evaluation --- Research --- Government policy --- Evaluation. --- Technological innovations --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.). --- Government R and D contracts --- Government research and development contracts --- Technological transfer --- Transfer of technology --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Small Business Innovation Research Program (National Institutes of Health) --- SBIR --- Defense contracts --- Military research --- Public contracts --- Science and state --- Technology and state --- Diffusion of innovations --- Inventions --- Research, Industrial --- Technology and international relations --- Foreign licensing agreements --- Technological forecasting --- Technology --- Cooperation --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- International cooperation --- Size --- SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research Program) --- S.B.I.R. (Small Business Innovation Research Program)

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It has long been recognized that advances in science contribute to economic growth. While it is one thing to argue that such a relationship exists, it is quite another to establish the extent to which knowledge spills over within and between sectors of the economy. Such a research agenda faces numerous challenges. Not only must one seek measures of inputs, but a measure of output is needed as well to estimate the knowledge production function. The identification of such a measure was a compelling goal for Zvi Griliches, if not the holy grail: “The dream of getting hold of an output indicator of inventive activity is one of the strong motivating forces for economic research in this area.” (Griliches 1990, p. 1669). Jaffe (1989) made a significant contribution to estimating the knowledge production function when he established a relationship between patent activity and R&D activity at the state level. Feldman and coauthors (1994a, 1994b) added considerably to this line of research, focusing on innovation counts as the dependent variable instead of patent counts. This work was particularly important given that many innovations are never patented. Feldman’s work also differentiated by firm size and showed that knowledge spillovers from universities play a key role as sources of knowledge for small firms.

High technology industries --- Small business --- Technological innovations --- Research, Industrial --- Location --- Research grants --- Economic aspects --- United States. --- SBIR --- Contract research --- Industrial research --- Research --- Engineering experiment stations --- Inventions --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Size --- Planning (firm) --- Entrepreneurship. --- Geography. --- Economic Geography. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- Economic geography. --- Geography, Economic --- World economics --- Geography --- Commercial geography

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The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide federal research and development funding to small businesses. In 2008, the National Research Council completed a comprehensive assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs. The first-round study found that the programs were "sound in concept and effective in practice." Building on the outcomes from the Phase I study, this second phase examines both topics of general policy interest that emerged during the first phase and topics of specific interest to individual agencies, and provides a second snapshot to measure the program's progress against its legislative goals.

Small business --- Government policy --- Technological innovations. --- Federal aid to small business --- Small Business --- Technology Transfer --- Financing, Government --- Public Policy --- Program Evaluation --- Technological innovations --- Research --- economics --- National Science Foundation (U.S.). --- Small Business Technology Transfer Program (U.S.) --- United States --- Evaluation. --- United States. --- E-books --- Family Planning Program Evaluation --- Program Appropriateness --- Program Effectiveness --- Program Sustainability --- Evaluation, Program --- Appropriateness, Program --- Effectiveness, Program --- Evaluations, Program --- Program Evaluations --- Program Sustainabilities --- Sustainabilities, Program --- Sustainability, Program --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Social Validity, Research --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Social Control, Formal --- Government Financing --- Federal Aid --- Financing, Public --- Grants and Subsidies, Government --- Hill-Burton Act --- Subsidies, Government --- Act, Hill-Burton --- Aid, Federal --- Aids, Federal --- Federal Aids --- Government Subsidies --- Government Subsidy --- Hill Burton Act --- Public Financing --- Subsidy, Government --- Research Commercialization --- Technology Commercialization --- Technology Licensing --- Commercialization, Research --- Commercialization, Technology --- Commercializations, Research --- Commercializations, Technology --- Licensing, Technology --- Licensings, Technology --- Research Commercializations --- Technology Commercializations --- Technology Licensings --- Technology Transfers --- Transfer, Technology --- Transfers, Technology --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Size --- Small Business Technology Transfer Pilot Program (U.S.) --- STTR --- S.T.T.R. --- SBIR --- S.B.I.R. --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.). --- Small Business Innovation Research Program (National Institutes of Health) --- SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research Program) --- S.B.I.R. (Small Business Innovation Research Program)