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Adenosylmethionine --- S--Adenosylmethionine --- Adenosylmethionine. --- S--Adenosylmethionine.

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The chemistry of nickel in biological systems has been intensely investigated since the discovery of the essential role played by this transition metal in the enzyme urease, ca. 1975. Since then, several nickel-dependent enzymes have been discovered and characterized at the molecular level using structural, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods, and insight into reaction mechanisms has been elaborated using synthetic and computational models. The dual role of nickel as both an essential nutrient and as a toxin has prompted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicology and to uncover the means by which cells select nickel from among a pool of different and more readily available metal ions and thus regulate the intracellular chemistry of nickel. This latter effort highlights the importance of proteins involved in the extra- and intra-cellular sensing of nickel, the roles of nickel-selective proteins for import and export, and nickel-responsive transcription factors, all of which are important for regulating nickel homeostasis. In this Special Issue, the contributing authors have covered recent advances in many of these aspects of nickel biochemistry, including toxicology, bacterial pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, computational and synthetic models, nickel trafficking proteins, and enzymology.

Research & information: general --- InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase --- n/a

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The chemistry of nickel in biological systems has been intensely investigated since the discovery of the essential role played by this transition metal in the enzyme urease, ca. 1975. Since then, several nickel-dependent enzymes have been discovered and characterized at the molecular level using structural, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods, and insight into reaction mechanisms has been elaborated using synthetic and computational models. The dual role of nickel as both an essential nutrient and as a toxin has prompted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicology and to uncover the means by which cells select nickel from among a pool of different and more readily available metal ions and thus regulate the intracellular chemistry of nickel. This latter effort highlights the importance of proteins involved in the extra- and intra-cellular sensing of nickel, the roles of nickel-selective proteins for import and export, and nickel-responsive transcription factors, all of which are important for regulating nickel homeostasis. In this Special Issue, the contributing authors have covered recent advances in many of these aspects of nickel biochemistry, including toxicology, bacterial pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, computational and synthetic models, nickel trafficking proteins, and enzymology.

Research & information: general --- InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase --- InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase

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Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue focused on delivery methods to be used for vaccines, immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, and anti-inflammatories and their outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Medicine --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs

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Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue focused on delivery methods to be used for vaccines, immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, and anti-inflammatories and their outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs