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Rural poverty remains a crucial part of the poverty picture in Argentina. This paper used a rural dataset collected by the World Bank in 2003. Findings show that extreme income poverty in rural areas reached 39 percent of the people or 200,000-250,000 indigent families. These families tend to: be large, and young, and to escape from poverty as they mature and children leave the household (life cycle); live largely in dispersed areas where basic service provision is often weak and delivery is difficult (in particular school attendance beyond 11 years of age falls off very rapidly compared with grouped rural or urban areas); and be more likely to be small landholders than landless laborers. The structure of poverty in rural Argentina shows that larger households are poorer than smaller households, female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households, young households/household heads are poorer than older households/household heads, the poor tend to work more in the informal sector, and a greater share of those engaged in agriculture are poor. However, poverty is by no means strictly an agricultural problem. Furthermore, the deepest poverty is among the poorly educated and young household heads with children. Without interventions to improve their opportunities and assets, their plight is likely to worsen.

Access To Markets --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Heads --- Household Surveys --- Income --- Income Poverty --- Poor Households --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Development --- Rural People --- Rural Poor --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Public --- Rural Residents --- Rural Sector --- Rural Strategy --- Transfer Programs --- Transfers

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While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction.

Administrative Costs --- Consumption --- Consumption Insurance --- Consumption Smoothing --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- E-Government --- Economic Theory and Research --- Farmers --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Governance --- Household Consumption --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Idiosyncratic Shocks --- Income --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor Farmers --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Risk Sharing --- Risks --- Rural --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Residents --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Transfers --- Village Leaders

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The hub-periphery development pattern of the Guangdong economy, to some extent, is a miniature of that of the Chinese economy. The Pearl River Delta, drawing from its first-nature comparative advantages in factor endowments and proximity to Hong Kong SAR, China, and Macau SAR, China, and the second-nature advantages as first-movers in the reforms in attracting and retaining domestic and foreign resources, has developed into a regional economic center. This paper examines the pattern of inter- and intra-provincial migration and that of the concentration of production, to explore the challenges and opportunities for the success of "double transfer." The paper suggests a four-prong approach, to improve the business environment, support the realization of latent comparative advantages, increase the skill level of the labor force to support the upgrade of the production structure, and protect the vulnerable, to support the inclusive growth of the economy in Guangdong in a sustainable manner.

Capital --- Certain extent --- Cheap labour --- Citizens --- Comparative advantages --- Comparative analysis --- Competitiveness --- Credit --- Development --- Development plans --- Development policy --- Development strategy --- Discrimination --- Disposable income --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Economic integration --- Economic opportunity --- Economic structure --- Economic theories --- Economic theory & research --- Economic welfare --- Economies of scale --- Economy --- Effective policies --- Empirical analysis --- Environment --- Environmental economics & policies --- Equal access --- Equity --- Exploitation --- Exports --- Financial crisis --- Foreign direct investment --- Forestry --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gini coefficient --- Government initiatives --- Growth rate --- Health care --- Health services --- Health, nutrition and population --- Immigration --- Incentives --- Income --- Income inequality --- Industrialization --- Intensive industries --- Internal migration --- International migration --- International migration review --- Investment --- Job creation --- Job training --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor policies --- Labor productivity --- Labor supply --- Land --- Large cities --- Life expectancy --- Living standards --- Local governments --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Market economy --- Migrant --- Migrant workers --- Migration --- Migration data --- Migration flows --- National development --- National level --- National policies --- National population --- Old-age --- Policy --- Policy discussions --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Pollution --- Population --- Population and development --- Population association --- Population census --- Population migration --- Population policies --- Production --- Progress --- Property --- Public goods --- Public services --- Real GDP --- Real wages --- Regional policy --- Relocation of industries --- Resource allocation --- Resources --- Return migration --- Revenue --- Rural areas --- Rural residents --- Sanitation --- Savings deposits --- Skill level --- Skilled workers --- Social protections and labor --- Social science --- Social security --- Social services --- Spatial distribution --- Sustainable access --- Sustainable development --- Taxes --- Temporary migration --- Trade --- Training --- Training opportunities --- Transportation --- Urban areas --- Urban centers --- Urban migration --- Urban population --- Urbanization --- User fees --- Value --- Value added --- Vocational training --- Vulnerable populations --- Wage differentials --- Wages --- Welfare