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Sociology, Rural --- Sociology, Urban --- Social change --- City and town life --- Ecology --- Sociologie rurale --- Sociologie urbaine --- Changement social --- Vie urbaine --- Environnement --- Europe --- Rural conditions --- Conditions rurales --- Rural-urban relations --- Rural development --- Congresses --- Cities and towns --- Regional planning --- Human geography --- Rural-urban relations - Europe --- Sociology, Urban - Europe --- Sociology, Rural - Europe

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An examination of how farming expertise could be shared and extended, over four centuries.

Communication in agriculture --- Agricultural innovations --- History --- Agriculture --- Innovations, Agricultural --- Technological change in agriculture --- Technological innovations --- Agricultural communication --- Agricultural communicators --- Innovations --- Technology transfer --- Agricultural knowledge. --- agricultural Enlightenment. --- agronomic knowledge. --- eighteenth century. --- farming expertise. --- gentry networks. --- knowledge exchange. --- knowledge networks. --- rural Europe. --- social struggle.

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This is the first book to survey the experience of servants in rural Europe from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. Live-in servants were a distinctive element of early modern society. They were typically young adults aged between 16 and 24 who lived and worked in other people's households before marriage. Servants tended to be employed for long periods, several months to years at a time, and were paid with food and lodging as well as cash wages. Both women and men worked as servants in large numbers. Unlike domestic servants in towns and wealthy households, rural servants typically worked on farms and were an important element of the agricultural workforce. Historians have viewed service as a distinct life-cycle stage between childhood and marriage. It brought both freedom and servility for young people. It allowed them to leave home and earn a living before marriage, whilst learning a range of agricultural and craft skills which reduced their dependence on their parents and increased their choice in marriage partners. Still, servants had limited rights: they were under the authority of their employer, with a similar legal status to children. In many countries the employment of servants was tightly controlled by law. Servants could demand their wages, and leave when the contract ended, but had to work long hours and had little say in their work tasks during employment. While some servants effectively became family members, trusted and cared for, others were abused physically and sexually by their employers. This collection features a range of methodologies, reflecting the variety of source materials and approaches available to historians of this topic in a range of European countries and time periods. Nonetheless, it demonstrates the strong common themes that emerge from studying servants and will be of particular interest to historians of work, gender, the family, agriculture, economic development, youth and social structure. JANE WHITTLE is Professor of Rural History at the University of Exeter. Contributors: CHRISTINE FERTIG, JEREMY HAYHOE, SARAH HOLLAND, THIJS LAMBRECHT, CHARMIAN MANSELL, HANNE ØSTHUS, RICHARD PAPING, CRISTINA PRYTZ, RAFFAELLA SARTI, CAROLINA UPPENBERG, LIES VERVAET, JANE WHITTLE

History of Europe --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Household employees --- Rural conditions&delete& --- History --- Domestic employees --- Domestics --- Household staff --- Household workers --- Servants --- Rural conditions --- History. --- Domestic service employees --- Domestic service workers --- Service employees, Domestic --- Service workers, Domestic --- Employees --- Europe --- Employés de maison --- Conditions rurales --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Employés de maison --- Agriculture. --- Domestic Workers. --- Employment. --- Gender Roles. --- Household Labor. --- Labor History. --- Rural Economy. --- Rural Europe. --- Rural Society. --- Servants. --- Social Structure. --- Socioeconomic Conditions.

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First comparative study of landless households brings out their major role in European history and society. The numbers of landless people - those lacking formal rights to land, or possessing only tiny smallholdings - grew rapidly across post-medieval Europe, as rural population and economic growth divided landowners and farmers from (increasingly) landless rural workers. But they have hitherto been relatively neglected, a gap which this volume, covering Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Britain, France and Spain from the sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries, aims to fill, making creative use of a diverse range of unexplored sources. Instead of concentrating on the well-documented cases of landholding peasants, it explores the many different experiences of the numerous rural landless. It explains how their households were formed (often in the face of economic difficulties and official hostility), how all the members of a family contributed to its survival, how the landless related to other social groups and negotiated access to vital resources, and how they adapted as rural society was changed by war, politics, agrarian and industrial development, government policy and welfare systems.

Peasants --- Rural poor --- History --- Social conditions --- Europe --- Rural conditions. --- Rural poverty --- Poor --- Peasantry --- Agricultural laborers --- Rural population --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Villeinage --- Economic conditions --- Social stratification --- History of Europe --- social history --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- History. --- Social conditions. --- Economic Growth. --- European History. --- European Landless People. --- European. --- Farmers. --- Government Policy. --- Landholding Peasants. --- Landless Households. --- Landowners. --- Landownership. --- Rural Europe. --- Rural Population. --- Rural Society. --- Rural Workers. --- Smallholdings. --- Society. --- Unexplored Sources. --- Welfare Systems. --- Land use, Rural --- Peasantsl --- Land tenure

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Le propos de cet ouvrage est de présenter les relations ayant existé entre maîtres du sol et producteurs sur la longue période qui s'étend de la période carolingienne aux grandes révoltes paysannes des XIVe et XVe siècles. La conjoncture générale d'augmentation des ressources disponibles et donc d'accroissement de la richesse générale de la société occidentale n'a pas fini de livrer ses secrets ni de susciter l'intérêt. Elle repose en partie sur l'édification de structures originales d'organisation de la production et de contrôle des travailleurs que l'on résume sous le vocable de seigneurie ou de régime seigneurial. Ces structures, qui sont fortement coercitives, n'empêchent pas, au contraire, une société paysanne originale de se développer et de s'enrichir, certes lentement, mais réellement. A partir du XIIIe siècle, toutefois, les tensions s'accroissent. Les seigneurs connaissent une importante baisse de leurs revenus, ce qui constitue l'un des éléments essentiels de la crise des XIVe et XVe siècles. Cela a pour conséquence, dans de nombreuses régions, d'entraîner un phénomène de dépossession des paysanneries dont l'accès à la propriété du sol devient de plus en plus difficile. On se propose, en examinant les statuts des hommes, l'organisation du travail, les hiérarchies sociales réellement efficaces de présenter l'histoire de cet enrichissement général du monde occidental ainsi que celle de la crise qui clôt le Moyen Age occidental.

History of Europe --- anno 700-799 --- anno 800-1199 --- anno 1200-1499 --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Feudalism --- Civilisation médiévale --- Féodalité --- History. --- Histoire --- Europe --- Rural conditions --- Social conditions --- Conditions rurales --- Conditions sociales --- Serfdom --- Villeinage --- Peasants --- Agricultural laborers --- Forced labor --- Land use, Rural --- Mediaeval social history --- 8th-15th centuries --- Civilisation médiévale --- Féodalité --- Servage --- --Villeinage --- --Paysan --- --Ouvrier agricole --- --Féodalisme --- --Travail forcé --- --Utilisation des terres --- --History of Europe --- --Civilization, Medieval. --- --Agricultural laborers --- Serfdom - Europe --- Villeinage - Europe --- Peasants - Europe --- Agricultural laborers - Europe --- Feudalism - Europe --- Forced labor - Europe --- Land use, Rural - Europe --- Paysan --- Ouvrier agricole --- Féodalisme --- Travail forcé --- Utilisation des terres --- Paysannerie --- Seigneuries --- Moyen âge --- Jusqu'à 1492 --- Conditions économiques