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Bahrain --- Antiquities --- History --- Antiquities. --- History. --- al-Baḥrayn --- Aval Island --- Bachrein --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Bahreyin --- Bahreyn --- Bairéin --- Bakhreĭn --- Baréin --- Barejno --- Bārēn --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- De Barein --- Dilmun --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Reino de Baréin --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- State of Bahrain --- Tylos --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Μπαχρέιν --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- בחרין --- البحرين --- بحرين --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- バーレーン --- Bahrain - Antiquities --- Bahrain - History --- Fouilles archéologiques --- Bahreïn

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Tombs --- -Mounds --- -Barrows --- Tumuli --- Archaeology --- Landforms --- Catalogs --- British Museum. Dept. of Western Asiatic Antiquities --- -Catalogs --- Bahrain --- Antiquities --- -Catalogs. --- Mounds --- Catalogs. --- Barrows --- British Museum. --- British Museum --- Bakhreĭn --- Aval Island --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Dilmun --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- State of Bahrain --- بحرين --- Bahreyn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Bahreyin --- Бахрэйн --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Бахрейн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Μπαχρέιν --- Bachrein --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Baréin --- Reino de Baréin --- Barejno --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- De Barein --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Bairéin --- Tylos --- البحرين --- al-Baḥrayn --- バーレーン --- Bārēn --- בחרין --- Grafvondsten. Bahreineilanden. --- Tombelles. Bahreïn (Iles). --- Mobilier funéraire. Bahreïn (Iles). --- Grafheuvels. Bahreineilanden. --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн

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This report contains the Phase 2: Global Forum Peer Review of Bahrain, as well as a revised version of the Phase 1 review already released for this country. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.  

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Finance --- Bahrain --- Economic conditions. --- Funding --- Funds --- Bakhreĭn --- Aval Island --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Dilmun --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- State of Bahrain --- بحرين --- Bahreyn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Bahreyin --- Бахрэйн --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Бахрейн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Μπαχρέιν --- Bachrein --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Baréin --- Reino de Baréin --- Barejno --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- De Barein --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Bairéin --- Tylos --- Economics --- Currency question --- البحرين --- al-Baḥrayn --- バーレーン --- Bārēn --- בחרין --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн

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In City of Strangers, Andrew M. Gardner explores the everyday experiences of workers from India who have migrated to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Like all the petroleum-rich states of the Persian Gulf, Bahrain hosts an extraordinarily large population of transmigrant laborers. Guest workers, who make up nearly half of the country's population, have long labored under a sponsorship system, the kafala, that organizes the flow of migrants from South Asia to the Gulf states and contractually links each laborer to a specific citizen or institution.In order to remain in Bahrain, the worker is almost entirely dependent on his sponsor's goodwill. The nature of this relationship, Gardner contends, often leads to exploitation and sometimes violence. Through extensive observation and interviews Gardner focuses on three groups in Bahrain: the unskilled Indian laborers who make up the most substantial portion of the foreign workforce on the island; the country's entrepreneurial and professional Indian middle class; and Bahraini state and citizenry. He contends that the social segregation and structural violence produced by Bahrain's kafala system result from a strategic arrangement by which the state insulates citizens from the global and neoliberal flows that, paradoxically, are central to the nation's intended path to the future.City of Strangers contributes significantly to our understanding of politics and society among the states of the Arabian Peninsula and of the migrant labor phenomenon that is an increasingly important aspect of globalization.

SOCIAL SCIENCE --- Sociology / General --- Foreign workers, East Indian --- East Indians --- Ethnology --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Violence against --- India --- Bahrain --- Emigration and immigration. --- Ethnic relations. --- Asian Indians --- Indians, East --- Indic peoples --- Alien labor, East Indian --- East Indian foreign workers --- Bakhreĭn --- Aval Island --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Dilmun --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- State of Bahrain --- بحرين --- Bahreyn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Bahreyin --- Бахрэйн --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Бахрейн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Μπαχρέιν --- Bachrein --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Baréin --- Reino de Baréin --- Barejno --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- De Barein --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Bairéin --- Tylos --- البحرين --- al-Baḥrayn --- バーレーン --- Bārēn --- בחרין --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- Indians (India)

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This text examines the liberation of the economy in Bahrain through market-led capitalism backed by Islamic charities. The vast economic transformation has fractured parts of society in Bahrain using foreign labour and the development of skilled professionals in the private sector which has impeded the investment in the local population.

Economic development --- Islam --- Economics. --- Charities. --- Bahrain --- Economic conditions. --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- al-Baḥrayn --- Aval Island --- Bachrein --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Bahreyin --- Bahreyn --- Bairéin --- Bakhreĭn --- Baréin --- Barejno --- Bārēn --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- De Barein --- Dilmun --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Reino de Baréin --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- State of Bahrain --- Tylos --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Μπαχρέιν --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- בחרין --- البحرين --- بحرين --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- バーレーン