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During the First World War, the parliaments of the states involved in the conflict were, in most cases, forced to drastically limit their activity and were often precluded the possibility of fully exercising their prerogatives. More generally the spaces of freedom granted to the citizens, of which the parliamentary institution was the brightest symbol, shrank dramatically. At the same time, the power of military commands expanded, not only in trenches and on battlefields, but also in many areas of civilian life. However, in the final years of the war, the Parliaments succeeded not only in gradually regaining control, but also in pushing for an extension of their functions, initiating a process that in many states coincided with the transition from a liberal order to a full democratic order. The years of the "long" postwar period were however dense with contradictions. Legislative and executive law often grew together, while in some cases the imperative logic imposed for a long time in wartime re-emerged and consolidated. This volume, which examines several national cases, illustrates some of the ambivalent features of this dramatic phase of European history.

Military Power --- Welfare State --- First World War --- Parliaments --- Royal Prerogative

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During the First World War, the parliaments of the states involved in the conflict were, in most cases, forced to drastically limit their activity and were often precluded the possibility of fully exercising their prerogatives. More generally the spaces of freedom granted to the citizens, of which the parliamentary institution was the brightest symbol, shrank dramatically. At the same time, the power of military commands expanded, not only in trenches and on battlefields, but also in many areas of civilian life. However, in the final years of the war, the Parliaments succeeded not only in gradually regaining control, but also in pushing for an extension of their functions, initiating a process that in many states coincided with the transition from a liberal order to a full democratic order. The years of the "long" postwar period were however dense with contradictions. Legislative and executive law often grew together, while in some cases the imperative logic imposed for a long time in wartime re-emerged and consolidated. This volume, which examines several national cases, illustrates some of the ambivalent features of this dramatic phase of European history.

Military Power --- Welfare State --- First World War --- Parliaments --- Royal Prerogative --- Military Power --- Welfare State --- First World War --- Parliaments --- Royal Prerogative

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Sous l'Ancien Régime, les rois de France mettent en place un appareil gouvernemental de plus en plus structuré, mobilisent des armées toujours plus nombreuses et accroissent la pression fiscale, donnant à croire qu'ils exercent un pouvoir absolu sur leurs sujets. Mais ils ne peuvent cependant pas faire tout ce qu'ils veulent. Dans un royaume divers, leur loi doit composer avec les nombreuses coutumes auxquelles les populations sont attachées. Certains de leurs projets se heurtent à des résistances importantes, ce qui les contraint à conclure des compromis, notamment dans les pays d'états qui conservent jusqu'au coeur du XVIIIe siècle une vitalité réelle. La plupart des institutions demeurent bien vivantes et si elles sollicitent les arbitrages royaux en matière de conflits de juridiction en un temps où la politique s'énonce en langage judiciaire, elles bataillent fermement pour défendre leurs attributions. C'est ce dialogue conflictuel entre le pouvoir central et le pays réel sur le plan institutionnel que ce manuel veut donner à comprendre : s'il s'est traduit par le passage d'une monarchie républicaine à un État royal, il permet aussi de comprendre, du fait des blocages qui sont intervenus, le déclenchement de la Révolution française. -- Quatrième

Prerogative, Royal --- Monarchy --- History --- France --- Politics and government --- Royal prerogative --- Executive power --- Divine right of kings --- Regalia --- Pouvoir royal --- Institutions politiques --- State, The --- Politique et gouvernement --- Prerogative, Royal - France - History --- Monarchy - France - History --- France - Politics and government - 1589-1789

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Prerogative, Royal --- Constitutional law --- Great Britain --- Kings and rulers --- -Prerogative, Royal --- -342.511.5 <41> --- Royal prerogative --- Executive power --- Monarchy --- Divine right of kings --- Regalia --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Interpretation and construction --- -Kings and rulers --- 342.511.5 <41> --- England --- Kings and rulers. --- Prerogative, Royal - Great Britain --- Constitutional law - Great Britain --- Great Britain - Kings and rulers

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Using a wide range of legal, administrative and literary sources, this study explores the role of the royal pardon in the exercise and experience of authority in Tudor England. It examines such abstract intangibles as power, legitimacy, and the state by looking at concrete life-and-death decisions of the Tudor monarchs. Drawing upon the historiographies of law and society, political culture and state formation, mercy is used as a lens through which to examine the nature and limits of participation in the early modern polity. Contemporaries deemed mercy as both a prerogative and duty of the ruler. Public expectations of mercy imposed restraints on the sovereign's exercise of power. Yet the discretionary uses of punishment and mercy worked in tandem to mediate social relations of power in ways that most often favoured the growth of the state.

Tudor [Dynasty] --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prerogative, Royal --- Monarchy --- Pardon --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Executive power --- Amnesty --- Clemency --- Forgiveness --- Kingdom (Monarchy) --- Political science --- Royalists --- Royal prerogative --- Divine right of kings --- Regalia --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Law and legislation --- Great Britain --- Politics and government