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Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Stellungnahmen dreier bedeutender altkirchlicher Autoren zur Frage nach der Haltung des vorkonstantinischen Christentums zum Heeresdienst von Christen: Tertullian, Origenes und Clemens Alexandrinus. Dabei gilt das besondere Augenmerk ihrer Interpretation vor dem Hintergrund der Konventionen antiker Rhetorik und im Rahmen ihres jeweiligen argumentativen Gesamtzusammenhangs. Es zeigt sich am Beispiel der behandelten Autoren, dass es im Christentum der Jahre zwischen 200-250 n. Chr. eine lebhafte Diskussion gab, ob Christen Soldaten und Soldaten Christen werden durften. Dabei erweisen sich die konkreten Aussagen jedes Autors als rhetorisch reflektiert und inhaltlich auf die jeweils vorliegende Diskussion, in die er verwickelt ist, zugespitzt. Sie müssen daher unter Berücksichtigung dieser Gesprächssituation sowie der Konventionen antiker Rhetorik behutsam nach möglicherweise dahinter stehenden, allgemeinen Positionen befragt werden. Insgesamt werden vielfältige Positionen und Argumente erkennbar und zugleich wird deutlich, wie das Christentum um seine Standortbestimmung innerhalb des römischen Reiches ringt. This study examines the attitude of three important pre-Constantinian Church authors on the issue of military service by Christians. During their era, there were growing numbers of Christians in the army, and discussions began in their communities as to whether this was consistent with Christian beliefs. Many positions and arguments emerged. At the same time, the study shows how Christianity struggled to find its position within the Roman Empire.

Christianity --- Rome --- Army --- Religious life. --- History --- Pre-constantinian Christianity. --- Roman army. --- ancient rhetoric. --- church fathers. --- Religions --- Church history --- Europe

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Au cœur d’un espace phrygien géographiquement mal défini dans l’Antiquité, l’installation de colons militaires, d’anciens soldats et de troupiers encore en activité, répondait à des objectifs stratégiques parfaitement identifiés pour les Achéménides, les monarques hellénistiques ou encore les Romains. Il s’agissait de contrôler un espace essentiel pour les communications terrestres entre l’intérieur du plateau anatolien d’une part et l’Égée d’autre part, mais aussi entre cette même côte et la Cilicie, puis au-delà la Syrie. Sur un plan tactique, cette présence militaire devait servir à protéger plateau et vallées phrygiens de la convoitise de populations voisines mal contrôlées comme les Pisidiens. S’appuyant sur de très nombreuses sources archéologiques, numismatiques et épigraphiques, examinant chaque communauté au cas par cas, cet ouvrage étudie les conséquences de l’installation de ces militaires sur la réalité locale, que ce soit au niveau économique, culturel, religieux ou social. Parcourant un temps long allant du IVe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’à la fin de la dynastie des Sévères, il s’efforce de peser les évolutions liées à la présence de ces soldats allogènes. Entre la Phrygie achéménide et celle hellénistique puis romaine, le faciès de la région, essentiellement rurale au départ, a progressivement évolué : dès l’époque hellénistique, on observe un phénomène de poliadisation important, rendant le réseau de communication plus dense et le contrôle des populations locales plus complexe. At the heart of a geographically ill-defined Phrygian space during Antiquity, the installation of military settlers, former soldiers and troupiers still in operation, met perfectly identified strategic objectives fromthe Achaemenids, the Hellenistic monarchs or the Romans. It was to control a space essential for terrestrial communications between the interior of the Anatolian plateau on the one hand and the Aegean on the other, but also between this same coast and Cilicia, and…

History --- Phrygie --- Asie Mineure --- époque achéménide --- époque hellénistique --- époque impériale romaine --- armée perse --- armées hellénistiques --- armée romaine --- poliadisation --- contrôle territorial --- maintien de l’ordre --- échanges culturels et religieux --- Phrygia --- Asia Minor --- Achaemenid period --- Hellenistic period --- Roman imperial period --- Persian army --- Hellenistic armies --- Roman army --- poliadization --- territorial control --- policing --- cultural and religious exchanges --- History, Military. --- Antiquites. --- Phrygien

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The results of the international collaboration of the three institutions from Austria, Italy and Slovenia (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Università degli studi di Udine and Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo of Ljubljana) are being published in the Studia Alpium et Adriae series.New discoveries and the re-examination of old ones is offering new insights into the Roman army and the historical questions related to its presence and activity in the regions of the northern Adriatic and the eastern Alps. The first volume of Studia Alpium et Adriae contains the contributions of twenty-one authors from four countries (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Austria) who present the results of their work conducted in recent years within different research groups and projects. Nedavna odkritja in ponovno proučevanje starih najdb so omogočila nove poglede na rimsko vojsko in zgodovinska vprašanja, povezana z vojaškimi aktivnostmi v zaledju severnega Jadrana in v vzhodnih Alpah. Knjiga Rimska vojska med Alpami in Jadranom (The Roman army between the Alps and the Adriatic) in hkrati prvi zvezek Studia Alpium et Adriae vsebuje prispevke enaindvajsetih avtorjev iz štirih dežel (Italije, Slovenije, Hrvaške in Avstrije). V njej so predstavljeni rezultati raziskav, ki so potekale v zadnjih letih v okviru različnih raziskovalnih skupin in projektov.

Carinthia (Austria) --- collective volume --- Croatia --- Eastern Alps --- Friuli-Venezia Giulia --- history --- military history --- Northern Adriatic --- Roman army --- Roman empire --- Romans --- Slovenia --- Furlanija-Julijska krajina --- Hrvaška --- Koroška (Avstrija) --- Rimljani --- rimska vojska --- rimski imperij --- severni Jadran --- Slovenija --- vojaška zgodovina --- vzhodne Alpe --- zborniki --- zgodovina

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"An illuminating reassessment of the architect whose innovative drawings of ruins shaped the enduring image of ancient Rome"

Architecture, Roman --- Architecture, Roman, in art. --- Classical antiquities in art. --- Ruins in art. --- Appreciation. --- Sangallo, Giuliano da, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Architecture --- Drawing --- architectural drawings [visual works] --- Sangallo, da, Giuliano --- Rome --- Roman architecture --- San Gallo, Giuliano da, --- Da Sangallo, Giuliano, --- Ambrogio Lorenzetti. --- Ancient Roman architecture. --- Ancient Rome. --- Ancient monument. --- Andrea Mantegna. --- Andrea Palladio. --- Antonio Labacco. --- Antonio Manetti. --- Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. --- Arch of Constantine. --- Architectural drawing. --- Baldassare Castiglione. --- Baldassare Peruzzi. --- Basilica Aemilia. --- Basilica of Santa Maria Novella. --- Baths of Caracalla. --- Baths of Diocletian. --- Benvenuto Cellini. --- Bernardo Rossellino. --- Calumny of Apelles (Botticelli). --- Casa Buonarroti. --- Cassiano dal Pozzo. --- Cornice. --- Corsini. --- Cosmatesque. --- Daniele Barbaro. --- Dante Alighieri. --- De Re Aedificatoria. --- Domenico Ghirlandaio. --- Domus Aurea. --- Donatello. --- Doric order. --- Entablature. --- Filippino Lippi. --- Filippo Brunelleschi. --- Flavio Biondo. --- Florence Cathedral. --- Francesco Colonna. --- Francesco di Giorgio Martini. --- Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. --- Giorgio Vasari. --- Giotto. --- Giuliano da Maiano. --- Giuliano da Sangallo. --- Giulio Romano. --- I quattro libri dell'architettura. --- Illustration. --- Italian Renaissance. --- Judea (Roman province). --- Lateran Baptistery. --- Luca Pacioli. --- Masaccio. --- Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. --- Mirabilia Urbis Romae. --- Oliviero Carafa. --- Ostia (Rome). --- Palace of Domitian. --- Palazzo Caprini. --- Palazzo Della Rovere. --- Palazzo Gondi. --- Palazzo Medici Riccardi. --- Palazzo della Cancelleria. --- Parchment. --- Peruzzi. --- Petrarch. --- Piero di Cosimo. --- Pietra serena. --- Pirro Ligorio. --- Poggio Bracciolini. --- Poliziano. --- Pope Julius II. --- Presentation at the Temple (Ambrogio Lorenzetti). --- Proportion (architecture). --- Prospero Colonna. --- Raffaele Riario. --- Renaissance architecture. --- Roman Empire. --- Roman Forum. --- Roman Renaissance. --- Roman army. --- Rome. --- San Giovanni dei Fiorentini. --- San Pietro in Montorio. --- Sandro Botticelli. --- Santa Costanza. --- Santa Maria in Trastevere. --- Sassetti Chapel. --- Sebastiano Serlio. --- Spolia. --- Temple of Bacchus. --- The Story of Lucretia (Botticelli). --- Theatre of Marcellus. --- Trajan's Column. --- Uffizi. --- Vatican City. --- Vatican Library. --- Vatican Museums. --- Villa Giulia. --- Vitruvian Man. --- Vitruvius. --- Drawing, Renaissance --- Drawing, Italian --- architectuur, Italië