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Despite the fact that writing has arisen independently many times in various different regions of the world, including Egypt, Sumer, China, and Mexico, the concept of the alphabet was invented only once, somewhere between Egypt and Phoenicia, with all known alphabets going back to this single source. While it is possible, up to a certain point, for scholars to provide an answer as to how the alphabet came about, it is much more difficult to understand the cause of its origin: why did it come about? In February 2013 Polis - the Jerusalem Institute of Languages and Humanities invited some of the leading experts studying the origins of the alphabet to Jerusalem for an interdisciplinary debate on this topic. Although the birth of the alphabet has been the subject of numerous international conferences and symposia, studies offering a linguistic, sociological or psychological perspective on the development of writing are extremely rare. This volume, bringing together the proceedings of this conference, shows that a broad consensus is emerging concerning the main factors and circumstances that surrounded the birth of the alphabet, accounting for such facets as the date of the first-known alphabetic inscriptions, the cultures involved in its invention, and the influence of the linguistic structure of the language spoken by the inventors.

Alphabet --- Letters of the alphabet --- Latin alphabet --- Roman alphabet --- Hieroglyphics --- Transliteration --- History

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The conference Understanding Relations Between Scripts II: Early Alphabets took place inMarch 2017 at the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge. This was the first of a programmeof collaborative events organised as part of the project Contexts of and Relations betweenEarly Writing Systems (CREWS), which pursues interdisciplinary research into the developmentand context of writing around the Mediterranean and Levant in the second andfirst millennia BC. CREWS has received funding from the European Research Council(ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(grant agreement No 677758).

Alphabet --- Writing --- Letters of the alphabet --- Latin alphabet --- Roman alphabet --- Hieroglyphics --- Transliteration --- History --- Chirography --- Handwriting --- Language and languages --- Ciphers --- Penmanship --- early writing systems; early alphabets; alphabets; scripts

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Western civilization has long sought its cultural roots in the classical civilizations of the Aegean. During the twentieth century, however, it has been made increasingly clear that it owes a great debt to the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent. In the thick of the debate as to how much classical civilizations were influenced by the Levant has been the question of the date of the transmission of the alphabet. In this monograph, Bernal takes up the question anew and marshals persuasive arguments that the date of transmission of the alphabet should be moved considerably earlier than generally has been thought, to the middle of the second millennium B.C. Growing out of his work on Black Athena, the intricate matters of alphabetic history and transmission are dealt with, both in terms of the history of the investigation of the topic and also with regard to the specific working out of his own new proposal.

Alphabet --- Writing --- History. --- -Writing --- -Chirography --- Handwriting --- Language and languages --- Ciphers --- Penmanship --- Letters of the alphabet --- Latin alphabet --- Roman alphabet --- Hieroglyphics --- Transliteration --- History --- -History --- Alphabet - History. --- Writing - History. --- Écriture --- Paléographie --- Histoire

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Most of what we know about writing in a second or foreign language (L2) is based on conclusions drawn from research on L2 writing in English. However, a significant quantity of L2 writing and writing instruction takes place in languages other than English and so there is a need for studies that look beyond English. The chapters in this book focus on languages other than English and investigate curricular issues, multiple languages in contact/conflict in L2 writing instruction and student attitudes toward pedagogical practices. The collection as a whole makes a valuable contribution to the study of L2 writing, and it will also prove an essential resource for instructors of second and foreign language writing.

Exposition (Rhetoric) --- Language and languages --- Rhetoric --- Second language acquisition --- Beyond English. --- L2 Writing. --- Non-English languages. --- Roman Alphabet. --- less-commonly taught languages. --- non-Roman alphabet. --- second language writing teacher development. --- second language writing. --- REFERENCE / Writing Skills. --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Foreign language study --- Language and education --- Language schools --- English language --- Expository writing --- Study and teaching. --- Exposition --- Language and languages Study and teaching --- Study and teaching --- Second language acquisition Study and teaching

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Der Band vereint Beiträge zu neueren Entwicklungen in der Schrifttheorie, vor allem aus linguistischer, philosophischer, medientheoretischer und sprachdidaktischer Perspektive. Dabei geht es zum einen um die Frage, mit welchen Methoden und Kategorien Schrift und Schreiben analysiert werden können und worin sich die geschriebene Sprache medial von der gesprochenen unterscheidet. Zum anderen werden Einflüsse des Mediums Alphabetschrift auf die historische Entwicklung dieser Disziplinen nachgezeichnet und verschiedene Schrifttypen im Verhältnis zueinander beschrieben. Ausgangspunkt für die Beiträge waren die schrifttheoretischen Arbeiten Christian Stetters, insbesondere seine Thesen, dass die Alphabetschrift nicht als eine Art Lautschrift zu begreifen sei, und dass die spezifischen Eigenschaften dieses Schrifttyps zur Genese formaler Sprachbetrachtung in Sprachwissenschaft und Philosophie entscheidend beigetragen haben. In den Beiträgen des Bandes werden Schwierigkeiten der Orthographie-Reform ebenso reflektiert wie didaktische Kontroversen zum Schriftspracherwerb, die Pragmatik des Schreibens ebenso wie die Ästhetik unterschiedlicher Schriftarten. The volume brings together papers on new developments in the theory of writing systems, above all from the perspectives of linguistics, philosophy, media theory and language education. Firstly there is the question of the methods and categories used for analysing writing, and how written language as a medium is different from spoken language. Secondly, the influences of alphabetic scripts on the historical development of these disciplines are traced, and various types of writing system are described in relation to each other. The starting point for the contributors was Christian Stetter's work on the theory of written language, especially his theses that alphabetic script is not to be seen as a kind of phonetic script and that the specific characteristics of this writing system have had a decisive influence on the genesis of formal language reflection in linguistics and philosophy. The papers in the volume reflect on the difficulties of spelling reform and on didactic controversies around the acquisition of written language, on the pragmatics of writing and on the aesthetics of various types of script.

Philosophy of language --- Writing --- Language and languages --Philosophy. --- Written communication. --- Language and languages --- Written communication --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Philosophy --- 801.7 --- Taalkundige semiotiek --- 801.7 Taalkundige semiotiek --- Written discourse --- Written language --- Communication --- Discourse analysis --- Visual communication --- Alphabet --- Linguistics --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Chirography --- Handwriting --- Ciphers --- Penmanship --- Hieroglyphics --- Letters of the alphabet --- Latin alphabet --- Roman alphabet --- Transliteration --- History of Writing. --- Media Theory. --- Orthography. --- Écriture --- Philosophie --- Histoire