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In the urban planning literature, it is frequently explicitly asserted or strongly implied that ongoing urban sprawl and decentralization can lead to development patterns that are unsustainable in the long run. One manifestation of such an outcome is that if extensive road investments occur, urban sprawl and decentralization are advanced and locked-in, making subsequent investments in public transit less effective in reducing vehicle kilometers traveled by car, gasoline use and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a simple core-periphery model of Beijing, the authors numerically assess this effect. The analysis confirms that improving the transit travel time in Beijing's core would reduce the city's overall carbon dioxide emissions, whereas the opposite would be the case if peripheral road capacity were expanded. This effect is robust to perturbations in the model's calibrated parameters. In particular, the effect persists for a wide range of assumptions about how location choice depends on travel time and a wide range of assumptions about other aspects of consumer preferences.

Car --- Carbon dioxide --- Carbon dioxide emissions --- Climate change --- Emissions --- Gasoline --- Gasoline use --- Greenhouse gas --- Public transit --- Road --- Road capacity --- Road expansion --- Transit investments --- Transit travel --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Travel time --- Urban sprawl --- Urban transportation --- Urban transportation planning --- Vehicle --- Vehicle kilometers

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Cyber-physical system (CPS) innovations, in conjunction with their sibling computational and technological advancements, have positively impacted our society, leading to the establishment of new horizons of service excellence in a variety of applicational fields. With the rapid increase in the application of CPSs in safety-critical infrastructures, their safety and security are the top priorities of next-generation designs. The extent of potential consequences of CPS insecurity is large enough to ensure that CPS security is one of the core elements of the CPS research agenda. Faults, failures, and cyber-physical attacks lead to variations in the dynamics of CPSs and cause the instability and malfunction of normal operations. This reprint discusses the existing vulnerabilities and focuses on detection, prevention, and compensation techniques to improve the security of safety-critical systems.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- smart grids --- device authentication --- situational awareness --- home area networks --- time-delay switch attack --- networked control systems --- secure control design --- Lyapunov theory --- attack estimation --- hardware-in-the-loop testing --- machine learning --- industrial control systems --- anomaly detection --- fault detection --- intrusion detection system --- blockchain --- security --- privacy --- financial transactions --- transportation systems --- autonomous vehicles --- power system resilience --- disaster --- Federated Learning --- edge intelligence --- resilience management systems --- resource-limitations --- demand response --- remedial testing --- greybox fuzzing --- vulnerability detection --- enhanced security --- traffic microsimulation tool --- cooperative automated driving systems --- vehicle powertrain --- safety --- road capacity --- contested environments --- anomaly isolation --- artificial neural networks --- Cyber Physical System --- out-of-bounds --- vulnerable detection --- patch --- inverter-based energy resources --- islanded microgrids --- resilient control design --- secondary control --- false data injection