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Roads --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- Construction of roads --- Design of roads --- Highway construction --- Highway design --- Highway geometrics --- Road building --- Road construction --- Road design --- Design and construction. --- Design and construction --- Management. --- Maintenance and repair. --- Construction --- Design

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Roadside improvement. --- Landscape architecture. --- Roads --- Construction of roads --- Design of roads --- Highway construction --- Highway design --- Highway geometrics --- Road building --- Road construction --- Road design --- Highway beautification --- Improvement, Roadside --- Roadside planting --- Roadsides --- Construction --- Design --- Horticultural service industry --- Landscape gardening --- Landscaping industry --- Grounds maintenance --- Highway engineering --- Landscape architecture --- Design and construction.

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Infrastructure (Economics) --- Roads. --- Roads --- Design and construction. --- Construction of roads --- Design of roads --- Highway construction --- Highway design --- Highway geometrics --- Road building --- Road construction --- Road design --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Construction --- Design

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Based on extensive data collection in Uganda, this paper demonstrates that the rural access index, as defined today, should not be a government objective because the benefit of such investment is minimal, whereas achieving rural accessibility at less than 2 kilometers would require massive investments that are not sustainable. Taking into account the fact that plot size is limited on average to less than 1 hectare, a farmer's transport requirement is usually minimal and does not necessarily involve massive investments in infrastructure. This is because most farmers cannot fully load a truck or pay for this service and, even if productivity were to increase significantly, the production threshold would not be reached by most individual farmers. Therefore, in terms of public policy, maintenance of the existing rural roads rather than opening new roads should be given priority; the district feeder road allocation maintenance formula should be revised to take into account economic potential and, finally, policy makers should devote their attention to innovative marketing models from other countries where smallholder loads are consolidated through private-based consolidators.

Access roads --- Accessibility --- Affordable transport --- Means of transport --- Mode of transport --- Modes of transport --- Population density --- Road --- Road building --- Road conditions --- Road improvement --- Road network --- Road quality --- Roads --- Rural infrastructure --- Rural roads --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transportation --- Transportation costs --- Travel time

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While most economists assume that aid is fungible, most aid donors behave as if it is not. The authors study recipient government responses to development project aid in the context of a specific World Bank-financed project. They estimate the impact of a rural road rehabilitation project in Vietnam on the kilometers of roads actually rehabilitated and built. Using local-level survey data collected for this purpose, the authors test whether the evidence supports the standard economic argument that there will be little or no impact on rural roads rehabilitated, given fungibility. They find evidence that, although project aid impacts on rehabilitated road kilometers were less than intended, more roads were built in project areas. The results suggest that there was fungibility within the sector, but that aid largely stuck to that sector.

Communities & Human Settlements --- Costs --- Grants --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Infrastructure --- Inspection --- Length of Roads --- Ministry of Transport --- Motor Vehicle --- Road --- Road Building --- Road Improvements --- Road Links --- Road Maintenance --- Road Network --- Road Sector --- Roads --- Rural Roads --- Rural Transport --- Tax --- Taxes --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning