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Prepared by the Local Roads and Streets Committee of the Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE. This report gives road engineers increased flexibility by collecting available guidance for resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation projects on local roads. Drawing primarily on case studies of current practices and analyses of safety cost-effectiveness, this book recommends practices that encompass the entire process, but with a special focus on design. Resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation projects are intended to return an existing roadway, including shoulders, bridges, the roadside, and appurtenances, to a condition of structural and functional adequacy. This book defines the types of projects under consideration and identifies the geometric guidelines. Then, recommendations for 12 design criteria are presented in checklist form, supplemented with brief explanations and illustrations. However, engineering judgment based on local conditions is paramount in design to improve safety or an existing roadway. This book will be valuable to highway and engineers—especially those involved in design for local road projects—and local planners.

Pavements --- Roads --- Highway and road design --- Project management --- Highway and road conditions --- Highways and roads --- Rehabilitation --- Case studies --- Safety --- Geometrics --- Maintenance and repair. --- Overlays. --- Location.

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Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made an important contribution of 1.6 percentage points to Benin's improved per capita growth performance, which was the highest among West African countries during the period. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by about 3.2 percentage points. Benin has made significant progress in some areas of its infrastructure, including roads, air transport, water, and telecommunications. But the country still faces important infrastructure challenges, including improving road conditions and port performance and upgrading deteriorating electrical infrastructure. The nation must also improve the quality and efficiency of its water and sanitation systems. Benin currently spends about USD 452 million a year on infrastructure, with almost USD 101 million lost to inefficiencies. Comparing spending needs with existing spending and potential efficiency gains leaves an annual funding gap of USD 210 million per year. Benin has the potential to close that gap by adopting alternative technologies in water supply, transport, and power, which could save as much as USD 227 million a year. The nation would also benefit from raising tariffs to cost-recovery levels and reducing inefficiencies, which could substantially boost financial flows to the infrastructure sectors.

Cost-Recovery Levels --- Culture & Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Infrastructure Challenges --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Endowment --- Port Performance --- Public Sector Economics --- Road Conditions --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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Based on extensive data collection in Uganda, this paper demonstrates that the rural access index, as defined today, should not be a government objective because the benefit of such investment is minimal, whereas achieving rural accessibility at less than 2 kilometers would require massive investments that are not sustainable. Taking into account the fact that plot size is limited on average to less than 1 hectare, a farmer's transport requirement is usually minimal and does not necessarily involve massive investments in infrastructure. This is because most farmers cannot fully load a truck or pay for this service and, even if productivity were to increase significantly, the production threshold would not be reached by most individual farmers. Therefore, in terms of public policy, maintenance of the existing rural roads rather than opening new roads should be given priority; the district feeder road allocation maintenance formula should be revised to take into account economic potential and, finally, policy makers should devote their attention to innovative marketing models from other countries where smallholder loads are consolidated through private-based consolidators.

Access roads --- Accessibility --- Affordable transport --- Means of transport --- Mode of transport --- Modes of transport --- Population density --- Road --- Road building --- Road conditions --- Road improvement --- Road network --- Road quality --- Roads --- Rural infrastructure --- Rural roads --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transportation --- Transportation costs --- Travel time

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What are the main determinants of transport costs: network access or competition among transport providers? The focus in the transport sector has often been on improving the coverage of "hard" infrastructure, whereas in reality the cost of transporting goods is quite sensitive to the extent of competition among transport providers and scale economies in the freight transport industry, creating monopolistic behavior and circular causation between lower transport costs and greater trade and traffic. This paper contributes to the discussion on transport costs in Malawi, providing fresh empirical evidence based on a specially commissioned survey of transport providers and spatial analysis of the country's infrastructure network. The main finding is that both infrastructure quality and market structure of the trucking industry are important contributors to regional differences in transport costs. The quality of the trunk road network is not a major constraint but differences in the quality of feeder roads connecting villages to the main road network have significant bearing on transport costs. And costs due to poor feeder roads are exacerbated by low volumes of trade between rural locations and market centers. With empty backhauls and journeys covering small distances, only a few transport service providers enter the market, charging disproportionately high prices to cover fixed costs and maximize markups.

Bottlenecks --- Fixed costs --- Freight --- Freight transport --- High Transport --- Journeys --- Road --- Road conditions --- Road network --- Road quality --- Roads --- Rural Development --- Traffic --- Traffic volumes --- Transport --- Transport Costs --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transport industry --- Transport sector --- Transport service --- Transport service providers --- Transportation --- Travel time

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One of the major difficulties in doing cost-benefit analysis of a development project is to estimate the total economic value of project benefits, which are usually multi-dimensional and include goods and services that are not traded in the market. Challenges also arise in aggregating the values of different benefits, which may not be mutually exclusive. This paper uses a contingent valuation approach to estimate the economic value of a non-motorized transport project in Pune, India, across beneficiaries. The heads of households which are potentially affected by the project are presented with a detailed description of the project, and then are asked to vote on whether such a project should be undertaken given different specifications of costs to the households. The total value of the project is then derived from the survey answers. Econometric analysis indicates that the survey responses provide generally reasonable valuation estimates.

Aircraft --- Aircraft noise --- Airport --- Airport expansion --- Communities and Human Settlements --- Conditions for pedestrians --- Congestion --- Cost-benefit analysis --- Cyclists --- Driving --- Driving costs --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Road --- Road conditions --- Roads & Highways --- Rural transit --- Safety --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Transport economists --- Transport projects --- Transport sector --- Transportation --- Urban transport