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Au-delà de l’engouement médiatique qu’il suscite, le concept de menace offre un cadre de réflexion scientifique socialement utile. Plus englobant que le risque, la menace renvoie à la fois à un sentiment diffus, à l’anticipation de conséquences négatives qu’on ne sait nommer avec certitude mais que l’on pressent, et à une évaluation concomitante d’une certaine impuissance à y faire face.

Psychology, Social --- risque et accident --- risque sanitaire --- risques psychosociaux

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Au début du xxie siècle, le paludisme demeure la première cause de mortalité et de morbidité au Cameroun, comme dans l'ensemble des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Mais pour tout programme de lutte de grande envergure, une analyse de situation de l'endémie se révèle indispensable, comme le souligne l'OMS dans sa nouvelle initiative « Faire reculer le paludisme » ou « Roll back malaria ». C'est pour répondre à cette préoccupation qu'a été menée la présente expertise collégiale. Celle-ci fournit une revue complète de la littérature consacrée à l’impact des projets de développement et des grands aménagements urbains sur l’endémie palustre et sur les autres maladies vectorielles liées à l’eau. Au Cameroun, on constate une dilution des cas de paludisme et de bilharziose en milieu urbain, une stabilisation du paludisme dans l’environnement des périmètres rizicoles, de même qu’une progression des indices onchocerquiens dans les localités proches des chutes d’eau et des rapides ainsi que leur recul en aval, suite au changement du régime des eaux. Mais au-delà de l’exemple camerounais, il ressort de cette expertise que dans tout pays où sévissent les maladies endémiques liées à l’eau, la question de l’impact sanitaire des aménagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles doit être posée dès le stade de la conception d’un projet, mais également lors de sa mise en oeuvre et pendant toute sa phase d’exploitation. Ingénieurs, économistes, agents des services spécialisés de santé et d’éducation, sociologues, tous les acteurs du développement doivent oeuvrer ensemble et rester en dialogue permanent avec les communautés concernées. Telle est la condition pour que les populations bénéficient pleinement et sans contrepartie des retombées économiques et sociales attendues de tels projets.

Planning & Development --- Public Health & Health Care Science --- environnement --- maladie --- santé publique --- Cameroun --- risque sanitaire --- développement rural --- aménagement urbain --- aménagement hydroagricole --- riziculture --- barrage --- paludisme --- onchocercose --- trypanosomiase humaine --- infrastructure sanitaire --- industrie agroalimentaire --- étude d’impact --- bilharziose --- trypanosomiase humaine africaine

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Animals, Wild. --- Animals --- Public health surveillance --- Environmental monitoring. --- Risk assessment. --- Communicable diseases --- Animaux --- Animaux sauvages --- Veille sanitaire. --- Risques pour la santé. --- Maladies infectieuses --- Diseases --- transmission. --- epidemiology. --- methods. --- Transmission. --- Maladies -- Épidémiologie. --- maladies. --- maladies --- Chez les animaux --- Endémies --- Maladies contagieuses --- Maladies endémiques --- Maladies épidémiques --- Maladies transmissibles --- Maladies communicables --- Pathologie infectieuse --- Maladies non transmissibles --- Abcès --- Agents pathogènes --- Infections --- Maladies à virus --- Épidémies --- Angine de Ludwig --- Fièvres éruptives --- Anémie infectieuse --- Arthrite infectieuse --- Bronchopneumopathies de type viral --- Endocardite infectieuse --- Fièvres hémorragiques --- Maladies à vecteurs --- Maladies bactériennes --- Maladies infectieuses chez l'enfant --- Maladies infectieuses chez la femme enceinte --- Maladies infectieuses chez la personne âgée --- Maladies infectieuses chez le nourrisson --- Maladies infectieuses chez les animaux --- Maladies infectieuses émergentes --- Méningite infectieuse --- Mycoses --- Parasitoses --- Sepsis --- Suette miliaire --- Évaluation des risques pour la santé --- Risque sanitaire --- Risques pour la santé --- Sécurité sanitaire --- Dépistage --- Hygiène du milieu --- Médecine préventive --- Risques psychosociaux --- Risques alimentaires --- Risque --- Santé publique --- Surveillance de la santé publique --- Surveillance de la sécurité sanitaire --- Surveillance sanitaire --- Vigilance sanitaire --- Salles de consommation de drogues à moindre risque --- Agences sanitaires --- Cosmétovigilance --- Indicateurs de santé --- Matériel médical --- Pharmacovigilance --- Principe de précaution --- Toxicovigilance --- Politique sanitaire --- Faune sauvage --- Animaux marrons --- Fauves --- Mammifères sauvages --- Gibier --- Épidémiologie vétérinaire --- Animaux domestiques --- Épidémiologie animale --- Écopathologie --- Épidémiologie --- Médecine vétérinaire --- Communicable disease transmission --- Disease transmission --- Germs, Spread of --- Spread of communicable diseases --- Spread of germs --- Transmission of diseases --- Epidemiology --- Analysis, Risk --- Assessment, Risk --- Risk analysis --- Risk evaluation --- Evaluation --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Population surveillance (Public health) --- Surveillance, Public health --- Animal kingdom --- Beasts --- Fauna --- Native animals --- Native fauna --- Wild animals --- Wildlife --- Organisms --- Human-animal relationships --- Zoology --- Animals, Feral --- Stray Animals --- Animals, Nondomestic --- Animals, Nondomesticated --- Animal, Feral --- Animal, Nondomestic --- Animal, Nondomesticated --- Animal, Stray --- Animal, Wild --- Animals, Stray --- Feral Animal --- Feral Animals --- Nondomestic Animal --- Nondomestic Animals --- Nondomesticated Animal --- Nondomesticated Animals --- Stray Animal --- Wild Animal --- Wild Animals --- Évaluation --- médecine --- Surveillance --- Droit --- Commerce --- Maladies -- Épidémiologie --- Transmission --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Animals, Wild --- Animal Diseases --- Risk Assessment --- Maladies animales --- Maladies. --- Maladies --- Épidémiologie. --- Animal Diseases. --- Risk Assessment. --- Ajustement au risque --- Méthode des trigger tools --- Risques biologiques --- Veille sanitaire

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Les installations industrielles peuvent-elles provoquer des cancers ? C’est en tout cas la perception de certains acteurs locaux : ils signalent aux autorités publiques que leur environnement recèle des risques pour la santé. Les épidémiologistes ont tendance à récuser les hypothèses relatives à une origine environnementale de ces pathologies, surtout lorsque l’on en fait la cause unique, et ils assurent que ces craintes ne sont pas fondées. Pour faire reconnaître l’existence de risques et en obtenir le contrôle ou la suppression, les acteurs locaux en viennent à se mobiliser et à médiatiser leur cause. L’ouvrage présente et discute trois de ces signalements : Saint-Cyr l’École et ses relais de téléphonie mobile, Vincennes et la pollution d’une ancienne usine chimique, Nivillac et son incinérateur. L’approche comparative permet de développer une analyse de ces signalements par les populations concernées et ouvre sur la question de l’ancrage culturel des risques.

Risk Management --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Diseases --- Risk --- Environmental Pollution --- Probability --- Organization and Administration --- Public Health --- Environment and Public Health --- Statistics as Topic --- Health Services Administration --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Health Care --- Investigative Techniques --- Quality of Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Neoplasms --- Risk Assessment --- Environmental Exposure --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Exposure, Environmental --- Environmental Exposures --- Exposures, Environmental --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Heatlh Risk Assessment --- Risks and Benefits --- Assessment, Risk --- Benefit-Risk Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessment --- Assessment, Benefit-Risk --- Assessment, Heatlh Risk --- Assessment, Risk-Benefit --- Assessments, Benefit-Risk --- Assessments, Heatlh Risk --- Assessments, Risk --- Assessments, Risk-Benefit --- Benefit Risk Assessment --- Benefit-Risk Assessments --- Benefits and Risks --- Heatlh Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessment, Heatlh --- Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessments, Heatlh --- Risk Benefit Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessments --- Benign Neoplasms --- Malignancy --- Neoplasia --- Neoplasm --- Neoplasms, Benign --- Cancer --- Tumors --- Benign Neoplasm --- Cancers --- Malignancies --- Neoplasias --- Neoplasm, Benign --- Tumor --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Probabilities --- Pollution, Environmental --- Soil Pollution --- Pollution, Soil --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Hospital Incident Reportings --- Incident Reporting --- Incident Reportings, Hospital --- Management, Risks --- Reporting, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Risk --- Voluntary Patient Safety Event Reporting --- Hospital Incident Reporting --- Incident Reporting, Hospital --- Hospital Risk Reporting --- Hospital Risk Reportings --- Incident Reportings --- Management, Risk --- Reporting, Hospital Risk --- Reporting, Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Incident --- Risk Reporting, Hospital --- Risk Reportings, Hospital --- Risks Management --- methods --- organization & administration --- Sentinel Species --- Health Risk Assessment --- Assessment, Health Risk --- Assessments, Health Risk --- Health Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessment, Health --- Risk Assessments, Health --- Malignant Neoplasms --- Malignant Neoplasm --- Neoplasm, Malignant --- Neoplasms, Malignant --- Medical Oncology --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Environmental Pollutants --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Truth Disclosure --- Risk Analysis --- Analysis, Risk --- Risk Analyses --- Incidence --- risque sanitaire --- santé environnementale --- cancer --- épidémiologie --- environnement