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This paper uses a unique survey data set of 105 central banks to investigate whether investment policies for central bank foreign reserve portfolios are linked to the governance arrangements for reserve management. The paper evaluates whether a central bank's investment decision-making structure impacts how much risk institutions take in their reserve management operations and the level of diversity in their reserve portfolios. Additionally, it explores the implications of the broader governance environment on reserve management. The analysis yields four key findings. First, internal governance arrangements matter for foreign reserve portfolio investment policy; the empirical results indicate that reserve portfolios are more diversified in central banks in which the middle office directly reports to the board. Second, controlling for the level of reserves, the macroenvironment, and the broader governance environment, reserve portfolios are more diversified in central banks where the back, middle, and front offices are separated. Third, the regression analysis also reveals that central banks in countries where the Ministry of Finance has an obligation to cover negative equity have fewer eligible currencies and are therefore less diversified. Fourth, central banks where boards actively exercise portfolio oversight usually have portfolios with more risk and diversification. Portfolios with longer investment horizons, more currencies, and a broader set of asset classes have performed better historically while limiting downside risk. Given that the analysis controls the broader governance environment, the data indicate that any central bank can improve its internal governance regardless of the external governance environment. This paper contributes to the literature on central bank foreign reserves management and on understanding the importance of governance arrangements in investment policy.

Central Bank --- Central Bank Governance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring --- Financial Structures --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Investment Management --- Public Sector Development --- Reserve Management Policy --- Risk Tolerance

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For too long, the construction industry, its organizations and its products have been limited to borders. This book is about broadening the scope of construction organizations and products- how local commercialization and development of innovation translates across international markets. It presents a framework that describes significant areas of the innovation decision process. To develop the framework, the authors examined six subjects related to international commercialization: 1. Previously developed local and international commercialization models 2. Barriers to commercialization 3. Critical stakeholders, actions, and decisions 4. Characteristics of innovations that are suitable for international use 5. Characteristics of foreign markets that are ideal for adopting such innovations 6. Strategies to overcome these barriers. Based on these six subject areas, the authors present literature review on international innovation commercialization and then test the framework using a case-based approach of one structural product, Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs). SIPs has been successfully developed and implemented in the United States and is being considered for commercial use in Saudi Arabia. The SIPs product is particularly appropriate because of its innovative nature and influence on the structure of residential buildings.

Construction industry --- International business enterprises. --- Business planning. --- Business enterprises --- Business plans --- Corporate planning --- Corporate strategy --- Corporations --- Strategy, Corporate --- Planning --- Strategic planning --- Business enterprises, International --- Corporations, International --- Global corporations --- International corporations --- MNEs (International business enterprises) --- Multinational corporations --- Multinational enterprises --- Transnational corporations --- Joint ventures --- Technological innovations. --- Barriers to Commercialization --- Commercialization Models --- Construction Innovation --- Diffusion --- Innovation Adoption --- International Commercialization --- Residential Construction --- Risk Tolerance --- Saudi Arabia --- Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) --- Supply Chain --- United States --- International business enterprises --- Business planning --- Technological innovations --- E-books

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This book includes the 14 articles accepted and published in the Special Issue “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): Applications in Economics and Finance” of the MDPI journal Mathematics, which encompasses a wide range of topics connected with the theory and applications of PLS-SEM methodology. These topics involve, among others, prediction of stock market investment intention, institutional quality and international competitiveness, governance paradigms and public innovation, information and communication technologies in the supply chain, influence of the ability to absorb information from the environment and proactivity on the company's results, quality management, effects of the corporate social responsibility on financial performance, resource management for the improvement of the healthcare system, and the application of maximum entropy bootstrapping to time series. It is expected that the book will prove worthwhile and helpful for those working in the area of PLS-SEM, regardless of the field of application (economics, finance, marketing, education or other). Applications of higher order constructs, mediating variables, multigroup analysis and the latest advances in applied methodology can all be found in this book.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- self-consciousness --- e-commerce --- consumer behavior --- Technology Acceptance Model --- risk tolerance --- financial well-being --- financial literacy --- overconfidence bias --- herding behavior --- social interaction --- investment intention --- stock market participation --- institutional quality --- international competitiveness --- emerging economies --- PLS-SEM --- lean manufacturing --- quality management --- commercial performance --- wastes --- DIRFT --- luxury fashion goods --- status consumption --- status quo --- clothing innovativeness --- clothing involvement --- PLS-PM --- public service logic --- new public management --- innovation --- co-creation --- co-production --- Spain --- cognitive destination image --- cruise --- satisfaction --- loyalty --- behavioral intention --- structural equation modeling --- National Health Services --- health–disease status --- health system performance --- health system sustainability --- health policy --- healthcare quality --- partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) --- structural equation model --- information and communication technology --- ICT integration --- PLS-SEM bootstrapping --- PLS-SEM with time series --- marketing mix modeling --- maximum entropy bootstrapping --- proactivity --- absorptive capacity --- potential absorptive capacity --- realised absorptive capacity --- structural equation modelling --- video tutorials --- blended learning --- online learning --- financial mathematics --- COVID-19 --- autonomy --- effectiveness --- CO2 emissions --- ESDA --- China --- corporate social responsibility --- corporate performance --- human resources management --- customer satisfaction --- partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM)

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This book includes the 14 articles accepted and published in the Special Issue “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): Applications in Economics and Finance” of the MDPI journal Mathematics, which encompasses a wide range of topics connected with the theory and applications of PLS-SEM methodology. These topics involve, among others, prediction of stock market investment intention, institutional quality and international competitiveness, governance paradigms and public innovation, information and communication technologies in the supply chain, influence of the ability to absorb information from the environment and proactivity on the company's results, quality management, effects of the corporate social responsibility on financial performance, resource management for the improvement of the healthcare system, and the application of maximum entropy bootstrapping to time series. It is expected that the book will prove worthwhile and helpful for those working in the area of PLS-SEM, regardless of the field of application (economics, finance, marketing, education or other). Applications of higher order constructs, mediating variables, multigroup analysis and the latest advances in applied methodology can all be found in this book.

self-consciousness --- e-commerce --- consumer behavior --- Technology Acceptance Model --- risk tolerance --- financial well-being --- financial literacy --- overconfidence bias --- herding behavior --- social interaction --- investment intention --- stock market participation --- institutional quality --- international competitiveness --- emerging economies --- PLS-SEM --- lean manufacturing --- quality management --- commercial performance --- wastes --- DIRFT --- luxury fashion goods --- status consumption --- status quo --- clothing innovativeness --- clothing involvement --- PLS-PM --- public service logic --- new public management --- innovation --- co-creation --- co-production --- Spain --- cognitive destination image --- cruise --- satisfaction --- loyalty --- behavioral intention --- structural equation modeling --- National Health Services --- health–disease status --- health system performance --- health system sustainability --- health policy --- healthcare quality --- partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) --- structural equation model --- information and communication technology --- ICT integration --- PLS-SEM bootstrapping --- PLS-SEM with time series --- marketing mix modeling --- maximum entropy bootstrapping --- proactivity --- absorptive capacity --- potential absorptive capacity --- realised absorptive capacity --- structural equation modelling --- video tutorials --- blended learning --- online learning --- financial mathematics --- COVID-19 --- autonomy --- effectiveness --- CO2 emissions --- ESDA --- China --- corporate social responsibility --- corporate performance --- human resources management --- customer satisfaction --- partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM)

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This book comprises a collection of empirical and theoretical studies covering a wide range of themes related to bank management, finance and sustainability. Sustainability represents an opportunity for banks as it contributes to improvements in trust in the banking system. However, sustainable business models must be financially viable so that they can have a positive impact on banks’ profitability, stimulating the long-term growth and resilience of the banking industry and overall financial stability.Banks are widely acknowledged as playing a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as they can promote responsible investments and integrate environmental and social criteria into lending and investment strategies. Financial intermediaries can support projects and activities that create a measurable positive economic, social and environmental impact by providing easier access to capital. Furthermore, they can have an active role in improving the financial awareness, inclusion and resilience of the most vulnerable individuals in society.

Coins, banknotes, medals, seals (numismatics) --- firm’s financial performance --- sustainability practices --- Islamic corporate governance --- mobile money --- SMEs --- financial performance --- payments and receipts --- Douala, Cameroon --- human capital --- social capital --- credit availability --- propensity score matching --- China --- risk tolerance --- risk aversion --- risk-taking --- MiFID II --- MiFIR --- suitability assessment --- households --- risky financial assets --- financial institutions --- financial advisory --- portfolio management --- financial constraints --- sustainable development --- ownership structure --- state subsidies --- former communist bloc --- institutional environment --- financial system --- corporate social responsibility --- CSR rating --- bank loan spread --- European syndicated loan market --- content analysis --- ethical banking --- global financial crisis --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- inductive category development --- in-depth interviews --- social banking --- socially responsible investment --- environmental performance --- climate change --- gender diversity --- board of directors --- banking sector --- external support --- environmental practices --- resource efficiency --- sustainable entrepreneurship --- firm size --- financial knowledge --- overconfidence --- underconfidence --- sustainable financial behavior --- financial market participation --- investment fraud --- over-indebtedness --- ethical financial companies --- ESG --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- bank efficiency --- bank cost --- stochastic frontier analysis --- stochastic metafrontier analysis --- high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) --- qualitative research --- reference group theory --- socially responsible investing (SRI)