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Hydrological processes in forested watersheds are influenced by environmental, physiological, and biometric factors such as precipitation, radiation, temperature, species type, leaf area, and extent and structure of forest ecosystems. Over the past two centuries, forest coverage and forest structures have been impacted globally by anthropogenic activities, for example, forest harvesting, and conversion of forested landscapes for plantations and urbanization. In addition, since the industrial revolution, climate change has resulted in profound impacts on forest ecosystems due to higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or CO2 fertilization, warmer temperatures, changes in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and natural disturbances. As a result, hydrological processes in forested watersheds have been altered by these natural and anthropogenic factors and these changes are expected to accelerate due to future changing climatic conditions.

East Asia --- climate variability --- metals --- woody litter --- extreme weather events --- frequency analysis --- relative contribution --- streamflow variability --- probability distribution --- trace metal --- climate change --- annual streamflow --- hydroclimatology --- forest disturbances --- river discharge --- climate warming --- Weihe River --- non-woody litter --- riparian forest --- low flow --- Central Asia --- canopy filtering --- flood --- SWAT --- Chu River --- annual water yield --- forest hydrology --- throughfall --- flow regimes --- Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) --- tree rings --- forest floor --- reforestation --- land-use change --- low flows --- watershed management --- high flow --- forest disturbance --- subalpine forest --- gap-edge canopy --- human activities --- boreal forest --- Tianshan Mountains --- closed canopy --- groundwater level --- fruit tree planting --- hydrological model --- high flows --- cumulative effects --- reconstruction --- headwater stream --- partial least squares (PLS) regression --- streamflow

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This book addresses several issues on water security and governance, helping readers to understand how the desire for water-secure basins can be accomplished through an interplay of water security, water resources management and water policies. The book contains a collection of 12 papers addressing specific as well as interlinked topics within the Special Issue scope. The editors are grateful to all contributors who made the book a reality.

hydroelectric power --- physicochemical parameters --- Iberian Bio-monitoring Working Party index --- riparian forest quality --- riverbank erosion --- restoration --- bank stabilisation --- vegetation revetment --- Bangladesh --- climate resilience --- flood protection --- machine learning --- socio-environmental impacts --- environmental monitoring --- water quality --- surface water --- groundwater --- drinking water --- water quality management --- TMDL --- E. coli --- water reuse --- water availability --- governance --- oasis irrigation district --- stability evaluation --- suitable scale --- irrigation management --- rice --- percolation --- scale effects --- hydrologic cycle --- water security --- precipitation --- drought --- flood --- transport planning --- research gap --- water strategy --- Azraq Basin --- water management --- water governance --- integrated river basin management --- good governance --- flow --- water discharge --- land use --- land change --- SWAT model --- n/a

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Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.

Fagaceae species --- soil disturbance --- non-timber forest products --- precision restoration --- protected landscape area --- tree selection --- cultural diversity --- Quercus rubra --- hardwood restoration --- enrichment planting --- sub-tropical hardwoods --- agroforestry --- herbicide effects --- biological diversity --- competition --- Juglans nigra L. --- understorey --- invasive plants --- wildfire --- forest restoration --- Quercus macrocarpa --- riparian forest restoration --- vegetation management --- assisted migration --- sugar maple --- deer browsing --- species composition --- tolerance --- phosphorus --- growth efficiency index --- floristic quality index --- shelterwood --- Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch --- monitoring --- indicators --- seed predation --- Bioclimatic niche --- non-parametric correlation --- unmanaged forest --- Native Americans --- abandoned agricultural field --- native mixed forests --- tree vigor --- forest diversity --- predation --- weed control --- nitrate --- facilitation --- inventory --- hardwoods --- Mexican tree species --- yellow birch --- tree plantation --- seedling establishment --- deer abundance --- avian guilds --- Pinus strobus L. --- Central Hardwood Forest region --- Pinus strobus --- Durango --- MaxEnt --- Juglans nigra --- oak regeneration --- forest regeneration --- Quercus rubra L. --- deer herbivory --- ecosystem services --- tree shelter

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The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.

flood vulnerability --- land use conflicts --- water management --- soil conservation --- spatial multi-criteria analysis --- geographic information system --- water pollution --- riparian forest --- environmental Law --- anthropogenic catchment --- watershed management --- land use policy --- changes in hydrological components --- effects of human activities --- LUCC --- WRUBAP --- Yiluo River --- SWAT --- water balance components --- Land Use and Land Cover changes --- wildfires --- afforestation --- n/a --- riparian buffer width --- landscape composition --- regression model --- interaction term --- Brazilian Forest Code --- farmland abandonment --- LULC changes --- climate change --- runoff/suspended sediment changes --- river morphology dynamics --- Italian Apennines --- water quality --- landscape metrics --- PLS-SEM --- scale --- season --- distance from pollution sources --- script files --- mean diurnal profile --- wavelet coherence --- groundwater recharge --- water resources management --- Conservative Use Potential --- river basin --- water balance --- lakes --- reservoirs --- Nenjiang watershed --- Landsat --- diurnal thermal profile --- urban tributaries --- wavelet --- covariance --- flow --- water discharge ecosystem services --- payments for environmental services --- land use

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This open access book presents and analyzes the results of more than 30 years of long-term ecological research in riparian forest ecosystems with the aim of casting light on changes in the dynamics of riparian forests over time. The research, focusing on the Ooyamazawa riparian forest, one of the remaining old-growth forests in Japan, has yielded a number of interesting outcomes. First, it shows that large-scale disturbances afford various trees opportunities for regeneration and are thus the driving force for the coexistence of canopy trees in riparian forests. Second, it identifies changes in reproductive patterns, highlighting that seed production has in fact quantitatively increased over the past two decades. Third, it describes the decline in forest floor vegetation caused by deer grazing and reveals how this decline has affected bird and insect populations. The book illustrates the interconnectedness of phenomena within an ecosystem and the resultant potential for cascade effects and also stresses the need for long-term ecological studies of climate change impacts on forests. It will be of interest to both professionals and academics in the field of forest science. .

Ecology . --- Forestry. --- Plant ecology. --- Ecosystems. --- Environment. --- Ecology. --- Plant Ecology. --- Environment, general. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Plants --- Vegetation ecology --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Floristic ecology --- Ecologia forestal --- Zones humides --- Espais naturals --- Aiguamolls --- Pantans --- Zones de ribera --- Ecologia de les zones humides --- Ecologia de boscos --- Ecologia dels boscos --- Ecosistema forestal --- Ecosistemes dels boscos --- Ecosistemes forestals --- Ecologia vegetal --- Ecologia de les selves pluvials --- Ecologia de la capçada --- Meteorologia forestal --- Flora forestal --- Forest ecology. --- Riparian forests. --- Forests and forestry --- Riparian plants --- Forest ecosystems --- Plant Ecology --- Environment, general --- Riparian Ecology --- Environmental Sciences --- Changes in forest vegetation --- Long-term ecological research --- Life history of trees --- Riparian forest --- Natural disturbance --- Masting behavior --- Forest decline --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Forestry & silviculture: practice & techniques --- Botany & plant sciences --- The environment