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Although relatively few First Nations joined the 1885 Métis insurgence, the Canadian government reacted punitively, instituting draconian "Indian" policies whose ill-effects continue to resonate today. The Winter Count traces these developments alongside another narrative - the debate over the sanity of Métis leader Louis Riel. Dilys Leman weaves original poems and reconstituted archival texts, including medical reports, diaries, treaties, recipes, even a phrenological analysis, to create a montage that both presents and disrupts official history. Her narrative questions politically expedient myths that First Nations were allies of the Métis, would rise again in greater numbers, and needed to be scrupulously controlled to secure the opening of the West. Leman evokes the voices of historical and imagined characters to convey a political landscape teetering into lunacy and a government obsessed with its own vision of nation-building. We hear a bureaucrat extol the merits of the pass system, a court interpreter's ludicrous translation of treason felony into Cree, and Dr Augustus Jukes agonizing about his role on the secret medical commission tasked with reassessing Riel’s sanity, which would determine if he could be executed. The Winter Count is a cautionary tale about moral responsibility. As Leman laments, our failure to be accountable human beings will surely haunt us: "Laudable pus / Political speeches / This water / brought too late / to a boil / Lance and forceps / rattling / their pot"

Indigenous peoples --- Aboriginal peoples --- Aborigines --- Adivasis --- Indigenous populations --- Native peoples --- Native races --- Ethnology --- Government relations --- Riel, Louis, --- Riel, Louis David, --- Riel, David,

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The most comprehensive treatment of the representations of Louis Riel in Canadian literature, The False Traitor will be a seminal work in the study of this popular Canadian figure.

Canadian literature --- History and criticism. --- Riel, Louis, --- Riel, Louis David, --- Riel, David, --- In literature. --- Canada. --- Canada (Province) --- Canadae --- Ceanada --- Chanada --- Chanadey --- Dominio del Canadá --- Dominion of Canada --- Jianada --- Kʻaenada --- Kaineḍā --- Kanada --- Ḳanadah --- Kanadaja --- Kanadas --- Ḳanade --- Kanado --- Kanakā --- Province of Canada --- Republica de Canadá --- Yn Chanadey --- Riel Rebellion, 1885 --- French-Canadian literature --- Executions and executioners in literature. --- Politics and literature --- Literature and history --- Trials (Treason) in literature. --- Revolutionaries in literature. --- Politicians in literature. --- Metis in literature. --- Literature and the rebellion.

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Earlier writers about Louis Riel noted his religious beliefs but did not take them seriously. They usually dismissed Riel's attempt to found a new religion as a symptom of a deranged mind. Thomas Flanagan takes Riel's religion seriously and analyses it using categories developed in the literature about millenarian movements. He shows that Riel's religion, far from being simply individual madness, is typical of the nativistic and millenarian movements described by one author as the 'religions of the oppressed.'. This is also a biography, tracing Riel's thinking on religious subjects from his childhood to the end of his life and paying particular attention to events that influenced his thinking. This developmental approach is necessary because Riel's ideas changed frequently; he never arrived at a fixed 'system.'. Louis Riel believed that on 8 December 1875 he received a divine commission authorizing him to save the metis and reform the Catholic Church. He was a prophet, inspired by the Holy Spirit, and the metis were the new chosen people. A new branch of the Catholic Church would be founded in North America, with its first Holy See in Montreal and its second in Riel's birthplace of St Vital. When Riel expressed these views in 1876, he was committed to a lunatic asylum. After his release, he suppressed his ideas for several years, only to reveal them again to his metis followers during the North-West Rebellion. The Rebellion thus became as much a religious as a political movement; to the end of his life Riel believed himself a prophet, and he went to his death thinking that he, like Christ, would be resurrected on the third day.

Red River Rebellion, 1869-1870. --- Métis Rebellion, 1869-1870 --- Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870 --- Riel, Louis, --- Riel, Louis David, --- Riel, David, --- Riel, Louis --- Red River Rebellion, 1869-1870 --- Biography --- Riel Rebellion, 1885 --- -Biography --- Métis --- Prairie provinces --- Manitoba Rebellion, Man., 1869-1870 --- Manitoba Uprising, Man., 1869-1870 --- Red River Rebellion, Man., 1869-1870 --- Red River Revolt, Man., 1869-1870 --- Riel Rebellion, Man., 1869-1870 --- Riel Resistance, Man., 1869-1870 --- Riel's Revolt, Man., 1869-1870 --- Riel's Uprising, Man., 1869-1870 --- Métis --- Wars --- Red River Resistance, Man., 1869-1870.

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Le Prix de Champlain 1985.

Indians of North America --- Métis --- Riel Rebellion, 1885. --- Millennialism --- Amillennialism --- Chiliasm --- Millenarianism --- Millennianism --- Postmillennialism --- Premillennialism --- Dispensationalism --- Fundamentalism --- Millennium (Eschatology) --- Métis Rebellion, 1885 --- Northwest Rebellion, 1885 --- Saskatchewan Rebellion, 1885 --- Cree Indians --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Religion. --- History. --- History --- Wars --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Mixed descent --- Riel, Louis, --- Riel, Louis David, --- Riel, David, --- Red River Settlement. --- Etablissement de la rivière Rouge --- Red River Colony --- Selkirk's Red River Settlement --- Assiniboia (District) --- Métis Rebellion, Canada, 1885 --- Métis Resistance, Canada, 1885 --- Northwest Campaign, Canada, 1885 --- Northwest Rebellion, Canada, 1885 --- Northwest Uprising, Canada, 1885 --- Riel Rebellion, 1885 --- Riel Rebellion, Canada, 1885 --- Riel Rebellion, 2nd, Canada, 1885 --- Riel Resistance, Canada, 1885 --- Riel's Insurrection, Canada, 1885 --- Riel's Rebellion, 2nd, Canada, 1885 --- Saskatchewan Rebellion, Canada, 1885 --- Saskatchewan Uprising, Canada, 1885 --- Northwest Resistance, Canada, 1885. --- Michif --- Metis