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Alpha-msh. --- Behavior. --- Bombesin-like peptides. --- Central nervous-system. --- Corticotropin-releasing-factor. --- Ethology. --- Gerbil meriones-unguiculatus. --- Grooming. --- Macaques macaca-fascicularis. --- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Neurobiology. --- Review. --- Rhesus-monkeys. --- Substance-p. --- Time.
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Attentional set-shifting and discrimination reversal are sensitive to prefrontal damage in the marmoset in a manner qualitatively similar to that seen in man and Old World monkeys, respectively (Dias et al., 1996b), Preliminary findings have demonstrated that although lateral but not orbital prefrontal cortex is the critical locus in shifting an attentional set between perceptual dimensions, orbital but not lateral prefrontal cortex is the critical locus in reversing a stimulus-reward association within a particular perceptual dimension (Dias et al., 1996a). The present study presents this analysis in full and extends the results in three main ways by demonstrating that (1) mechanisms of inhibitory control and "on-line" processing are independent within the prefrontal cortex, (2) impairments in inhibitory control induced by prefrontal damage are restricted to novel situations, and (3) those prefrontal areas involved in the suppression of previously established response sets are not involved in the acquisition of such response sets. These findings suggest that inhibitory control is a general process that operates across functionally distinct regions within the prefrontal cortex. Although damage to lateral prefrontal cortex causes a loss of inhibitory control in attentional selection, damage to orbitofrontal cortex causes a loss of inhibitory control in affective processing. These findings provide an explanation for the apparent discrepancy between human and nonhuman primate studies in which disinhibition as measured on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal damage, whereas disinhibition as measured on discrimination reversal is associated with orbitofrontal damage
Acquisition. --- Analysis. --- Area. --- Association. --- Attentional set shifting. --- Attentional set-shifting. --- Control. --- Cortex. --- Damage. --- Deficits. --- Dimension. --- Dimensions. --- Discrimination. --- Disinhibition. --- Excitotoxic lesions. --- Frontal-lobe damage. --- Human infants. --- Human. --- Impairments. --- Man. --- Marmoset. --- Mechanisms. --- Memory. --- Monkey. --- Monkeys. --- Object. --- Old. --- Orbitofrontal cortex. --- Prefrontal cortex. --- Primate. --- Response inhibition. --- Response. --- Restriction. --- Reversal learning. --- Rhesus-monkeys. --- Selection. --- Situations. --- Suppression. --- Test. --- Time. --- Wisconsin card sort test. --- Working memory.
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Year: 2004
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Domestic dogs can be housed in a variety of confined conditions, including kennels, shelters and laboratories. Concern over the well-being of dogs housed in human care has prompted much research in recent years into the enrichment of environments for kennelled dogs. This paper highlights the findings and recommendations arising from this work. Two types of general enrichment method are discussed, namely animate (i.e. enrichment through the provision of social contacts with conspecifics and humans) and inanimate (i.e. enrichment through the provision of toys, cage furniture, auditory and olfactory stimulation). The benefits and, where relevant, possible disadvantages, to these various types of enrichment method are highlighted throughout. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved
Animal shelters. --- Auditory. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Canids. --- Canine. --- Canis-familiaris. --- Canis. --- Care. --- Chronic stress. --- Conspecific. --- Contact. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Domestic dog. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Fight. --- Housing conditions. --- Human scent. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Ireland. --- Kennels. --- Laboratory. --- Later behavior. --- Method. --- Olfactory. --- Paper. --- Plasma-cortisol-levels. --- Provision. --- Rescue shelter. --- Rescue shelters. --- Research. --- Review. --- Rhesus-monkeys. --- Shelter. --- Shelters. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Spatial restriction. --- Stimulation. --- Time. --- Toy. --- Toys. --- Trained dogs. --- Welfare. --- Well-being. --- Work.
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