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For many OECD countries, how to ensure the safe and dignified return to their origin countries of migrants who do not have grounds to remain is a key question. Sustainable Reintegration of Returning Migrants: A Better Homecoming reports the results of a multi-country peer review project carried out by the OECD, with support from the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
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Im Jahrhundert der Flüchtlinge setzte sich erst weit nach 1945 eine internationale Flüchtlingspolitik mit globalem Ausmaß durch. Das 20. Jahrhundert war ein Jahrhundert der Flüchtlinge, in dem Millionen Menschen aufgrund von Krieg, Gewalt und Verfolgung ihre Heimat verlassen mussten. Mit den Fluchtbewegungen entstand das System der internationalen Flüchtlingshilfe. Es setzte sich die Vorstellung durch, dass es die Aufgabe der Staatengemeinschaft sei, Geflüchtete zu unterstützen und dafür leistungsfähige Strukturen aufzubauen. Bis in die späten 1950er-Jahre glaubte die Staatengemeinschaft jedoch, das massive Fluchtgeschehen sei ein vorübergehendes Problem, das nur Europa betreffe. Das Amt des Hohen Flüchtlingskommissars der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) war daher zunächst eine kleine Behörde mit wenig Einfluss. Jakob Schönhagen schildert eingehend, wie seit den 1960er-Jahren schrittweise und gegen viele Widerstände eine internationale Flüchtlingspolitik entstand, die weltweit ausgerichtet war - mit den Flüchtlingskrisen in Algerien und Bangladesch als den entscheidenden Stationen. Der Autor rekonstruiert ebenso, welche Folgen dieser späte Entstehungsprozess bis heute hat.
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The tremendous loss to the humanities and social sciences in the 20th century resulting from the expulsion of thousands of scholars and artists from Austria and Central Europe has been well documented. The present collection of articles deals with a related but under-researched aspect - it combines analyses of the complex bureaucratic and the ideological obstacles which exiled scholars from a wide range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences and creative artists faced when they were willing to return and specific essays documenting the varying opportunities for individual returnees to influence the development of their different disciplines after the end of the Nazi tyranny. The 27 essays highlight the roles of a number of returnees as generous mentors for younger scholars and their encouragement of modernization and internationalization in an atmosphere of stagnation and provincialism in the universities. Eminent experts in history, philosophy or political science who had returned were hampered by the denial of full academic appointments despite their highly stimulating initiatives, while theatre directors had a relatively strong impact on the programs in the theaters and the other media. The volume also illustrates personal factors, including the understandable hesitation of prominent intellectuals such as Oskar Morgenstern or Ernst Krenek to give up the advantages of US American citizenship for academic positions, especially in a country exposed to political threats in the Cold War; but the essays also bring out the fact that quite a few of the émigrés remained exiles on both sides of the Atlantic. A particular strength of the volume is the detailed consideration of the fortunes and the influence of the impressive array of exiled Austrian economists. Many of them returned from Britain, helping to shape economic theory and Austrian economic policy, even though necessarily mainly from outside the universities, while transatlantic exiles largely remained in the USA.
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The main objective of this edited volume is to explore the motivations, decision making processes, and consequences, when older people consider or accomplish return migration to their place of origin; and also to raise the public policy profile of this increasingly important subject.
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