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This Special Issue is a platform to fill the gaps in drought risk analysis with field experience and expertise. It covers (1) robust index development for effective drought monitoring; (2) risk analysis framework development and early warning systems; (3) impact investigations on hydrological and agricultural sectors; (4) environmental change impact analyses. The articles in the Special Issue cover a wide geographic range, across China, Taiwan, Korea, and the Indo-China peninsula, which covers many contrasting climate conditions. Hence, the results have global implications: the data, analysis/modeling, methodologies, and conclusions lay a solid foundation for enhancing our scientific knowledge of drought mechanisms and relationships to various environmental conditions.

extreme spring drought --- atmospheric teleconnection patterns --- drought prediction --- China --- SPI --- reference precipitation --- reference period --- climate change --- drought --- GAMLSS --- nonstationarity --- meteorological drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index --- climate variability --- seasonal drought --- drought return period --- extreme drought --- Indochina Peninsula --- Indian Ocean Dipole --- intentionally biased bootstrap method --- drought risk --- human activities --- quantitative attribution --- artificial neural network --- stochastic model --- ARIMA model --- drought forecasting --- southern Taiwan --- bivariate frequency analysis --- hydrologic risk --- global warming --- maize yield --- Songliao Plain maize belt --- comprehensive drought monitoring --- Hubei Province --- multivariate --- multisource data --- assessment --- forecasting

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Hydroclimatic extremes, such as floods and droughts, affect aspects of our lives and the environment including energy, hydropower, agriculture, transportation, urban life, and human health and safety. Climate studies indicate that the risk of increased flooding and/or more severe droughts will be higher in the future than today, causing increased fatalities, environmental degradation, and economic losses. Using a suite of innovative approaches this book quantifies the changes in projected hydroclimatic extremes and illustrates their impacts in several locations in North America, Asia, and Europe.

downscaling --- floods --- flood risk --- Boise River Watershed --- flooding frequency --- CMIP5 --- flood frequency analysis --- streamflow regulation rules --- droughts --- downscaled projections --- flood inundation maps --- RCM uncertainty --- climate change and variability --- RCP4.5 --- climate change --- RCP8.5 --- frequency estimates --- water resource systems --- climate change impacts --- extreme rainfall --- catchment based macroscale floodplain model --- consecutive dry days --- Canada --- water quality --- Copula function --- return period --- drought-flood abrupt alternation --- ensembles --- continuous simulations --- extreme hydrologic events --- hydrological risk assessment --- uncertainty --- climate projections --- Southeast U.S. --- extreme precipitation --- EURO-CORDEX projections --- temporal and spatial evolution --- HSPF --- changing of exceedance --- Northeastern US --- climate --- flash flood --- spatial analog --- future projections --- flood hazard --- future precipitation at urban scale

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This Special Issue is a platform to fill the gaps in drought risk analysis with field experience and expertise. It covers (1) robust index development for effective drought monitoring; (2) risk analysis framework development and early warning systems; (3) impact investigations on hydrological and agricultural sectors; (4) environmental change impact analyses. The articles in the Special Issue cover a wide geographic range, across China, Taiwan, Korea, and the Indo-China peninsula, which covers many contrasting climate conditions. Hence, the results have global implications: the data, analysis/modeling, methodologies, and conclusions lay a solid foundation for enhancing our scientific knowledge of drought mechanisms and relationships to various environmental conditions.

History of engineering & technology --- extreme spring drought --- atmospheric teleconnection patterns --- drought prediction --- China --- SPI --- reference precipitation --- reference period --- climate change --- drought --- GAMLSS --- nonstationarity --- meteorological drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index --- climate variability --- seasonal drought --- drought return period --- extreme drought --- Indochina Peninsula --- Indian Ocean Dipole --- intentionally biased bootstrap method --- drought risk --- human activities --- quantitative attribution --- artificial neural network --- stochastic model --- ARIMA model --- drought forecasting --- southern Taiwan --- bivariate frequency analysis --- hydrologic risk --- global warming --- maize yield --- Songliao Plain maize belt --- comprehensive drought monitoring --- Hubei Province --- multivariate --- multisource data --- assessment --- forecasting

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- Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.

Research & information: general --- Precipitation --- Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) --- Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) --- Upper Indus Basin (UIB) --- Himalaya --- streamflow --- extreme rainfall --- watershed --- dynamics of saline lakes --- extremely changing points --- extreme weather --- temporal trend --- climate change --- salinization --- water resources management --- drinking water --- debris --- water balance --- climatic change --- dam capacity --- simulation of sediment transport --- Athabasca River --- climate projection --- hydrologic modelling --- peak-flow --- return period --- stationary analysis --- non-stationary analysis --- global --- temperature --- precipitation --- Net Irrigation Water Requirement --- maize --- hydrologic modeling --- reanalysis gridded datasets --- ERA-Interim --- Balkan Peninsula

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This book is a collection of 12 papers describing the role of hydrology in water resources management. The papers can be divided s according to their area of focus as 1) modeling of hydrological processes, 2) use of modern techniques in hydrological analysis, 3) impact of human pressure and climate change on water resources, and 4) hydrometeorological extremes. Belonging to the first area is the presentation of a new Muskingum flood routing model, a new tool to perform frequency analysis of maximum precipitation of a specified duration via the so-named PMAXΤP model (Precipitation MAXimum Time (duration) Probability), modeling of interception processes, and using a rainfall-runoff GR2M model to calculate monthly runoff. For the second area, the groundwater potential was evaluated using a model of multi-influencing factors in which the parameters were optimized by using geoprocessing tools in geographical information system (GIS) in combination with satellite altimeter data and the reanalysis of hydrological data to simulate overflow transport using the Nordic Sea as an example. Presented for the third area are a water balance model for the comparison of water resources with the needs of water users, the idea of adaptive water management, impacts of climate change, and anthropogenic activities on the runoff in catchment located in the western Himalayas of Pakistan. The last area includes spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall variability with regard to drought hazard and use of the copula function to meteorologically analyze drought.

GR2M --- inverse distance weighting --- rainfall-runoff model --- sensitivity analysis --- multi-influencing factors (MIF) --- vertical electrical sounding (VES) --- electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) --- groundwater resource management (GRM) --- hydro-stratigraphy --- well logs --- precipitation --- climate change --- Sen’s estimator --- Mann-Kendall --- Wadi Cheliff basin --- upper Minjiang River --- marginal distribution --- copula --- bivariate joint distribution --- return period --- rainfall partitioning --- dry tropical forest --- gash model --- interception modelling --- Nordic Sea --- overflow flux --- barotropic pressure --- baroclinic pressure --- annual maximum precipitation --- peaks-over-threshold methods --- statistical analysis --- maximum precipitation frequency analysis --- gamma --- Weibull --- log-gamma --- log-normal --- Gumbel distributions --- nonparametric tests --- drought --- trends --- SPI --- mina basin --- Algeria --- Kunhar River Basin --- streamflow --- trend analysis --- Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) --- anthropogenic impacts --- hydrologic flood routing --- Muskingum flood routing model --- meta-heuristic optimization --- self-adaptive vision correction algorithm --- Adaptive Water Management --- stakeholder engagement --- legislation --- survey --- uncertainty in water management --- water requirements of aquatic and water dependent ecosystems --- water resources allocation --- water balance model