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Accelerating development in Sub-Saharan Africa will require massive expansion of access to electricity - currently reaching only about one-third of households. This paper explores how essential economic development might be reconciled with the need to keep carbon emissions in check. The authors develop a geographically explicit framework and use spatial modeling and cost estimates from recent engineering studies to determine where stand-alone renewable energy generation is a cost effective alternative to centralized grid supply. The results suggest that decentralized renewable energy will likely play an important role in expanding rural energy access. But it will be the lowest cost option for a minority of households in Africa, even when likely cost reductions over the next 20 years are considered. Decentralized renewables are competitive mostly in remote and rural areas, while grid connected supply dominates denser areas where the majority of households reside. These findings underscore the need to de-carbonize the fuel mix for centralized power generation as it expands in Africa.

Access to electricity --- Carbon emissions --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon taxes --- Cleaner --- Cleaner energy --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy --- Energy consumption --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy sources --- Environment --- Fossil --- Fossil fuels --- Fuel --- Global greenhouse gas --- Global greenhouse gas emissions --- Options --- Power --- Power & Energy Conversion --- Power generation --- Renewable energy --- Renewable energy generation --- Renewable energy potential --- Rural energy --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Wind

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This book focuses on the interaction between different energy vectors, that is, between electrical, thermal, gas, and transportation systems, with the purpose of optimizing the planning and operation of future energy systems. More and more renewable energy is integrated into the electrical system, and to optimize its usage and ensure that its full production can be hosted and utilized, the power system has to be controlled in a more flexible manner. In order not to overload the electrical distribution grids, the new large loads have to be controlled using demand response, perchance through a hierarchical control set-up where some controls are dependent on price signals from the spot and balancing markets. In addition, by performing local real-time control and coordination based on local voltage or system frequency measurements, the grid hosting limits are not violated.

History of engineering & technology --- hybrid electricity-natural gas energy systems --- power to gas (P2G) --- low-carbon --- economic environmental dispatch --- trust region method --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- integrated energy park --- park partition --- double-layer optimal scheduling --- non-cooperative game --- Nash equilibrium --- energy flexibility --- power-to-heat --- multi energy system --- flexible demand --- thermal storage --- electric boiler --- estimation of thermal demand --- integrated energy system --- integrated demand response --- medium- and long-term --- system dynamics --- user decision --- photovoltaic generation --- ultralow-frequency oscillation --- small-signal model --- eigenvalue analysis --- damping torque --- triple active bridge --- integrated energy systems --- DC grid --- isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter --- multiport converter --- combined heat and power system --- wind power uncertainty --- scenario method --- temporal dependence --- optimization scheduling --- hydrogen --- multi-energy systems --- power system economics --- renewable energy generation --- whole system modelling --- local energy management systems --- multi-objective optimization --- rolling time-horizon --- emission abatement strategies --- distributed energy systems --- enhance total transfer capability --- day-ahead thermal generation scheduling --- reduce curtailed wind power --- CO2 emissions --- commercial buildings --- flexibility quantification --- flexibility optimization --- HVAC systems --- network operation --- residential buildings --- dissemination --- renewable energy policy --- renewable energy subsidies --- solar PV --- TSTTC of transmission lines --- sensitivity between TSTTC and reactive power --- reactive power control method --- urban integrated heat and power system --- random fluctuations of renewable energy --- flexibility scheduling --- temperature dynamics of the urban heat network --- heat pumps --- power grid --- gas distribution --- grid expansion planning --- load-profiles --- energy system analysis --- modeling --- multi-energy system --- smart energy system --- self-sufficiency --- dynamic market

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book focuses on the interaction between different energy vectors, that is, between electrical, thermal, gas, and transportation systems, with the purpose of optimizing the planning and operation of future energy systems. More and more renewable energy is integrated into the electrical system, and to optimize its usage and ensure that its full production can be hosted and utilized, the power system has to be controlled in a more flexible manner. In order not to overload the electrical distribution grids, the new large loads have to be controlled using demand response, perchance through a hierarchical control set-up where some controls are dependent on price signals from the spot and balancing markets. In addition, by performing local real-time control and coordination based on local voltage or system frequency measurements, the grid hosting limits are not violated.

History of engineering & technology --- hybrid electricity-natural gas energy systems --- power to gas (P2G) --- low-carbon --- economic environmental dispatch --- trust region method --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- integrated energy park --- park partition --- double-layer optimal scheduling --- non-cooperative game --- Nash equilibrium --- energy flexibility --- power-to-heat --- multi energy system --- flexible demand --- thermal storage --- electric boiler --- estimation of thermal demand --- integrated energy system --- integrated demand response --- medium- and long-term --- system dynamics --- user decision --- photovoltaic generation --- ultralow-frequency oscillation --- small-signal model --- eigenvalue analysis --- damping torque --- triple active bridge --- integrated energy systems --- DC grid --- isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter --- multiport converter --- combined heat and power system --- wind power uncertainty --- scenario method --- temporal dependence --- optimization scheduling --- hydrogen --- multi-energy systems --- power system economics --- renewable energy generation --- whole system modelling --- local energy management systems --- multi-objective optimization --- rolling time-horizon --- emission abatement strategies --- distributed energy systems --- enhance total transfer capability --- day-ahead thermal generation scheduling --- reduce curtailed wind power --- CO2 emissions --- commercial buildings --- flexibility quantification --- flexibility optimization --- HVAC systems --- network operation --- residential buildings --- dissemination --- renewable energy policy --- renewable energy subsidies --- solar PV --- TSTTC of transmission lines --- sensitivity between TSTTC and reactive power --- reactive power control method --- urban integrated heat and power system --- random fluctuations of renewable energy --- flexibility scheduling --- temperature dynamics of the urban heat network --- heat pumps --- power grid --- gas distribution --- grid expansion planning --- load-profiles --- energy system analysis --- modeling --- multi-energy system --- smart energy system --- self-sufficiency --- dynamic market