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This Special Issue of Cancers focuses on new advances in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, both surgical and pharmacological (and combinations of these), and novel approaches to tackle treatment resistance and improve our understanding of this phenomenon.

Medicine --- renal cell carcinoma --- autophagy --- hydroxychloroquine --- chloroquine --- ROC-325 --- cysteine cathepsins --- cysteine cathepsin inhibitors --- lysosome --- renal cancer --- metastatic renal cell carcinoma --- immune-based combination therapies --- network meta-analysis --- PD-L1 --- predictive --- biomarker --- treatment --- TKIs --- mRCC --- biomarkers --- soluble factors --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- sunitib resistance --- artesunate (ART) --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- growth inhibition --- ferroptosis --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- ccRCC --- RCC --- kidney cancer --- evolution --- evolutionary trajectory --- metastatic --- second line therapy --- renal cell cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- individualization --- genomic signature --- transcriptomic analysis --- renal cell carcinoma --- autophagy --- hydroxychloroquine --- chloroquine --- ROC-325 --- cysteine cathepsins --- cysteine cathepsin inhibitors --- lysosome --- renal cancer --- metastatic renal cell carcinoma --- immune-based combination therapies --- network meta-analysis --- PD-L1 --- predictive --- biomarker --- treatment --- TKIs --- mRCC --- biomarkers --- soluble factors --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- sunitib resistance --- artesunate (ART) --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- growth inhibition --- ferroptosis --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- ccRCC --- RCC --- kidney cancer --- evolution --- evolutionary trajectory --- metastatic --- second line therapy --- renal cell cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- individualization --- genomic signature --- transcriptomic analysis

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The plant-derived polyphenol curcumin has been used in promoting health and combating disease for thousands of years. Its therapeutic effects have been successfully utilized in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine in order to treat inflammatory diseases. Current results from modern biomolecular research reveal the modulatory effects of curcumin on a variety of signal transduction pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. In this context, curcumin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and even anti-metastatic activities are discussed. On the cellular level, the reduced activity of several transcription factors (such as NFkB or AP-1) and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines, matrix degrading enzymes, metastasis related genes and even microRNAs are reported. On functional levels, these molecular effects translate into reduced proliferative, invasive, and metastatic capacity, as well as induced tumor cell apoptosis. All these effects have been observed not only in vitro but also in animal models. In combination with anti-neoplastic drugs like Taxol, kinase inhibitors, and radiation therapy, curcumin potentiates the drugs’ therapeutic power and can protect against undesired side effects. Natural plant-derived compounds like curcumin have one significant advantage: They do not usually cause side effects. This feature qualifies curcumin for primary prevention in healthy persons with a predisposition to cancer, arteriosclerosis, or chronic inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, curcumin is considered safe, although potential toxic effects stemming from high dosages, long-term intake, and pharmacological interactions with other compounds have yet to be assessed. This Special Issue examines in detail and updates current research on the molecular targets, protective effects, and modes of action of natural plant-derived compounds and their roles in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

minerals --- cancer treatment --- chitosan --- n/a --- neurodegeneration --- antioxidant activity --- senescence --- tumor proliferation --- nanoparticles --- antimicrobial agents --- oxidative metabolites --- drug discovery --- Akt/mTOR signaling --- micronutrients --- ulcerative colitis --- transmission electron microscopy --- metabolic reprogramming --- curcumin --- death receptor --- chaperone-mediated autophagy --- wound healing --- brain ischemia --- autophagy --- Alzheimer’s disease --- genes --- transthyretin --- inflammatory bowel disease --- cellular pathway --- centrifugal partition chromatography --- nutrition --- amyloid --- Curcuma longa --- protein aggregation --- supportive care --- IL-17 --- senolytics --- complementary medicine --- macronutrients --- structure activity relationship --- gastroprotection --- Zingiberaceae --- anti-inflamation --- TLC bioautography --- microbiota --- glioblastoma multiforme --- amyloidosis --- SHMT2 --- antioxidants --- silica --- apoptosis --- reflux esophagitis --- gastric ulcer --- TLC-MS --- anti-cancer --- anticancer --- ImageJ --- anti-tumor --- delivery system --- wound --- Helicobacter pylori --- direct protein binding --- protein misfolding --- tumor growth --- diet --- Crohn’s disease --- hydrostatic counter-current chromatography --- ageing --- renal cell cancer --- gastric cancer --- amino-acids --- STAT3 --- mechanism of action --- inflamm-aging --- mitophagy --- necrotizing enterocolitis --- cell cycling --- vitamins --- turmeric tuber --- cancer --- tau protein --- Alzheimer's disease --- Crohn's disease

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This Urological Cancer 2020 collection contains a set of multidisciplinary contributions to the extraordinary heterogeneity of tumor mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies of the renal, urinary tract, and prostate cancers, with the intention of offering to interested readers a representative snapshot of the status of urological research.

Research. --- Biology. --- renal cell carcinoma --- iron --- macrophages --- chelation therapy --- urothelial carcinoma --- transcriptome --- microtubule --- MAP1B --- prognosis --- KLF5 --- androgen receptor --- cell proliferation --- tumorigenesis --- prostate cancer --- precision medicine --- whole genome sequencing --- optical mapping --- therapy --- prostate carcinoma --- prostate mpMRI --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- neural network --- angiogenesis --- angiogenic growth factors --- antiangiogenic therapy --- renal tumors --- prevention --- α1-adrenoceptor antagonists --- anoikis --- vascularity --- research model --- oncogenes --- tumor suppressor genes --- MR-guided --- radiotherapy --- MRgRT --- stereotactic ablative radiotherapy --- stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) --- renal cell cancer --- RCC --- online adaptive --- [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT --- dual-time point imaging --- delayed imaging --- biphasic imaging --- lesion positivity rate --- CXCL9 --- PD1 --- PD-L1 --- stage T1 NMIBC --- prostatic neoplasms/mortality --- prostatic neoplasms/epidemiology --- SEER Program --- bladder cancer --- transurethral resection --- en-bloc resection --- CPT1A --- fatty acids --- serine --- androgen response --- ROS --- oxidative stress --- DONSON --- Downstream Neighbor of SON --- biomarker --- metastatic spread --- diagnosis --- differential diagnosis --- histopathology --- immunohistochemistry --- stroma signature --- patient-derived xenografts --- renal cell carcinoma --- iron --- macrophages --- chelation therapy --- urothelial carcinoma --- transcriptome --- microtubule --- MAP1B --- prognosis --- KLF5 --- androgen receptor --- cell proliferation --- tumorigenesis --- prostate cancer --- precision medicine --- whole genome sequencing --- optical mapping --- therapy --- prostate carcinoma --- prostate mpMRI --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- neural network --- angiogenesis --- angiogenic growth factors --- antiangiogenic therapy --- renal tumors --- prevention --- α1-adrenoceptor antagonists --- anoikis --- vascularity --- research model --- oncogenes --- tumor suppressor genes --- MR-guided --- radiotherapy --- MRgRT --- stereotactic ablative radiotherapy --- stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) --- renal cell cancer --- RCC --- online adaptive --- [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT --- dual-time point imaging --- delayed imaging --- biphasic imaging --- lesion positivity rate --- CXCL9 --- PD1 --- PD-L1 --- stage T1 NMIBC --- prostatic neoplasms/mortality --- prostatic neoplasms/epidemiology --- SEER Program --- bladder cancer --- transurethral resection --- en-bloc resection --- CPT1A --- fatty acids --- serine --- androgen response --- ROS --- oxidative stress --- DONSON --- Downstream Neighbor of SON --- biomarker --- metastatic spread --- diagnosis --- differential diagnosis --- histopathology --- immunohistochemistry --- stroma signature --- patient-derived xenografts

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With the development of analytical instruments, the academic system has become more complicated, producing new journals one after another. Therefore, it became much important to clarify what is original of “Medicines”. As the name Medicines indicates, it includes science and practice of caring for a patient and managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment or palliation of their injury or disease. Therefore, Medicines differs from other journals with similar title in that it covers a wide range of fields, from traditional medicine to rapidly developing molecular-targeted drugs, focusing on their pharmacological effects, structure–activity relationships, metabolic pathways, gene expression, using cultured cells, animals, and clinical trials. Most parts of this Special Issue were written by our editorial board members, who described the research topics and how they are engaged in their field of research. All of these articles are their life-long story. We collected a total number of 22 original works by basic researchers and clinical doctors. We hope that readers can get a chance to know the current status of diverse fields of medicines, and what your most important research themes are after reading these articles.

Medicine --- Hedychium --- traditional medicine --- coronarin D --- villosin --- anti-acetylcholinesterase --- antidiabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- antitumor --- Genista tridentata --- Pterospartum tridentatum --- isoflavones --- flavonols --- genistein --- biochanin A --- rutin --- daidzein --- inflammatory bowel disease --- Crohn’s disease --- ulcerative colitis --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- orofacial granulomatosis --- tag-like lesions --- cobblestoning --- mucogingivitis --- lip swelling --- aphthous stomatitis --- Angelicae Sinensis Radix --- Danggui --- granules --- herb --- multivariate analysis --- ultra-performance liquid chromatography --- Tai Chi --- qigong --- immune system --- immunity --- inflammation --- telemedicine --- remote monitoring --- GER-e-TEC --- elderly patient --- artificial intelligence --- geriatric syndromes --- detection of the precursory signs of decompensation of geriatric syndromes --- renal cell cancer --- genomic landscape --- targeted therapy --- tumor evolution --- tumor heterogeneity --- allergic rhinitis --- quercetin --- human CD4+ T cells --- Th1/Th2 cytokine balance --- modulation --- in vitro --- intravascular catheter --- CRBSI --- biofilm --- CVC --- antifouling --- chromone --- tumor specificity --- QSAR analysis --- apoptosis --- cell cycle analysis --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- LI-RADS --- chronic liver disease --- granuloma annulare --- granulomatous disorders of the skin --- inflammatory skin conditions --- medical dermatology --- biliary tract cancer --- cholangiocarcinoma --- PARP --- BRCA --- olaparib --- rucaparib --- liver cancer --- pancreatic adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cancer --- sarcoidosis --- superior vena cava syndrome --- venous thrombosis --- RUCAM --- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method --- diagnostic algorithm --- iDILI --- iDrug induced liver injury --- DILI --- HILI --- herb induced liver injury --- Stachys L. --- traditional uses --- pharmacological activities --- phytochemicals --- bioactive compounds --- Kampo formulae --- alkaline extract of Sasa sp. --- pine cone extract --- povidone-iodine --- HSV --- HIV --- loss of infectivity --- solubilization method --- diaphragmatic breathing --- abdominal breathing --- breathing exercise --- systematic review --- randomized controlled trial --- respiratory function --- auricular acupuncture --- preoperative anxiety --- protocol --- randomized controlled trials --- meta-analysis --- boiogito --- knee osteoarthritis --- rat --- Yokukansan --- fentanyl --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel --- phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) --- whole-cell patch-clamp recording --- herbal medicine --- calcium metabolism --- bone metabolism --- protease --- osteoclast --- macrophage --- RANKL --- LPS --- TLR4 --- TREM2

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Renal cancer is a health problem of major concern worldwide. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune check-point blockade treatments, alone or in combination, are giving promising results, failures are quite frequent due to intratumor heterogeneity and to the acquisition of drug resistance. The spectrum of renal cell carcinoma subtypes is wide. Up to 70–80% of renal tumors are clear cell renal cell carcinomas, a clinically aggressive tumor subtype linked to VHL gene inactivation. Next in frequency, the papillary renal cell carcinoma category encompasses an intricate puzzle of classic and newly described entities with poorly defined limits, some of them pending definite clarification. Likewise, the chromophobe–oncocytoma duality, the so-called hybrid tumors and oncocytic neoplasms, remain to be well profiled. Finally, a growing list of very uncommon renal tumors linked to specific molecular signatures fulfill the current portrait of renal cell neoplasia. This Special Issue of Cancers regards RCC from very different perspectives, from the intimate basic mechanisms governing this disease to the clinical practice principles of their diagnoses and treatments. The interested reader will have the opportunity to contact with some of the most recent findings and will be updated with excellent reviews.

Renal cell carcinoma. --- Kidneys --- Cancer. --- Adenocarcinoma of kidney --- Clear cell carcinoma --- Grawitz tumor --- Grawitz's tumor --- Hypernephroid carcinoma --- Hypernephroma --- Renal adenocarcinoma --- Renal cell adenocarcinoma --- Cancer --- N-glycomapping --- n/a --- SMAD proteins --- patient survival --- pro-IL-1? --- survival prediction --- inflammation markers --- tumor migration --- prognostic factors --- practical approach --- circular RNAs in a clinico-genomic predictive model --- glycomarkers --- review --- nephrectomy --- uric acid --- VEGF inhibitors --- metabolic reprogramming --- collecting duct carcinoma --- curcumin --- metabolome profiling --- identification of circular RNAs --- IL-2 --- experimental validation of circular RNA --- Raf/MEK/ERK --- HOT --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- pentose phosphate pathway --- kidney cancer --- LOT --- mutation --- RCC --- polybromo-1 --- pale cell --- MMP-9 --- gene expression --- recurrence free survival --- chromosomal loss --- IL-1? --- chronic kidney disease --- glutathione transferase omega 2 --- label-free --- glutathione transferase omega 1 --- emerging entity --- copy number alteration --- FOXO3 --- predictive role --- tumor slice culture --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- PPP --- ESC --- CDKN1A expression --- metastasis --- PD-L1 --- diagnostic and prognostic markers --- EVI1 --- copy number loss --- RNA sequencing --- NK cells --- glutathione metabolism --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- renal cell cancer --- proliferation --- eosinophilic variant --- Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma --- prognosis --- invasion --- immune infiltration --- IL4R? --- FISH --- 11) translocation renal cell carcinoma --- tumor microenvironment --- metabolome --- hyperosmolality --- toxicity --- ALK --- drug sensitivity --- t(6 --- copy number analysis --- urine --- genetic association --- polymorphism --- solute carrier proteins --- kidney --- metastatic ccRCC --- molecular genetic features --- recurrence-free survival --- chromophobe renal cell carcinoma --- unclassified renal tumor --- overall survival --- mTOR inhibitors --- mTOR --- JAK2 --- von Hippel–Lindau --- miR-155-5p --- glycoproteomics --- PBRM1 --- miR-133b --- survival --- TFE3 --- TFEB --- oncocytic renal tumor --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- MMP10 --- TCGA --- ghrelin --- EMT like --- checkpoint inhibitors --- MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma --- gene signature --- sarcomatoid --- transforming growth factor beta --- clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma --- tumor adhesion --- renal cancer --- unclassified renal cell carcinoma --- Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) --- miR-146a-5p --- renal cell --- everolimus --- integrins --- cytoreductive nephrectomy --- immunotherapy --- predictive factors --- immunohistochemistry --- MTA2 --- IL13R?1 --- targeted therapy --- intratumour heterogeneity --- aurora A --- TCA cycle --- AMP-activated protein kinases --- cancer-specific survival --- programmed death-ligand 1 --- efficacy --- renal cell carcinoma --- anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement --- TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma --- statins --- cancer immunotherapy --- microRNA --- new entity --- proteome profiling --- von Hippel-Lindau