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Should an employee be allowed to wear a religious symbol at work? Should a religious employer be allowed to impose constraints on employees' private lives for the sake of enforcing a religious work ethos? Should an employee or service provider be allowed, on religious grounds, to refuse to work with customers of the opposite sex or of a same-sex sexual orientation? This book explores how judges decide these issues and defends a democratic approach, which is conducive to a more democratic understanding of our vivre ensemble. The normative democratic approach proposed in this book is grounded on a sociological and historical analysis of two national stories of the relationships between law, religion, diversity and the State, the British (mainly English) and the French stories. The book then puts the democratic paradigm to the test, by looking at cases involving clashes between religious freedoms and competing rights in the workplace. Contrary to the current alternative between the "accommodationist view", which defers to religious requests, and the "analogous" view, which undermines the importance of religious freedom for pluralism, this book offers a third way. It fills a gap in the literature on the relationships between law and religious freedoms and provides guidelines for judges confronted with difficult cases.

Freedom of religion --- Religious minorities --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Freedom of religion - France --- Freedom of religion - Great Britain --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - France --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - Great Britain --- France --- Great Britain

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In contemporary pluralist states, where faith communities live together, different religious symbols and practices have to coexist. This may lead to conflicts between certain minority practices and the dominant majority, particularly around the manifestation of belief in the public domain which may be seen both by the religious and secular majorities as a threat to their cultural heritage or against the secular values of the host country. The law has to mitigate those tensions in order to protect the public from harm and preserve order but in doing so, it may where necessary have to limit citizens’ ability to freely manifest their religion. It is those limitations that have been disputed in the courts on grounds of freedom of religion and belief. Religious symbols are often at the heart of legal battles, with courts called upon to consider the lawfulness of banning or restricting certain symbols or practices.This book analyses the relationship between the state, individuals and religious symbols, considering the three main forms of religious expression, symbols that believers wear on their body, symbols in the public space such as religious edifices and rituals that believers perform as a manifestation of their faith. The book looks comparatively at legal responses in England, the U.S.A and France comparing different approaches to the issues of symbols in the public sphere and their interaction with the law. The book considers religious manifestation as a social phenomenon taking a multidisciplinary approach to the question mixing elements of the anthropology, history and sociology of religion in order to provide some context and examine how this could help inform the law.

Christian art and symbolism --- Religious minorities --- Minorities --- Art, Christian --- Art, Ecclesiastical --- Arts in the church --- Christian symbolism --- Ecclesiastical art --- Symbolism and Christian art --- Religious art --- Symbolism --- Symbolism in art --- Church decoration and ornament --- Law and legislation. --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Christian art and symbolism - Law and legislation. --- Christian art and symbolism - Law and legislation - England. --- Christian art and symbolism - Law and legislation - France. --- Christian art and symbolism - Law and legislation - United States. --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - England. --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - France. --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - United States.

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Sociology of minorities --- Human rights --- Religious minorities --- Legal polycentricity --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Cultural diversity --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Bijuralism --- Legal pluralism --- Pluralism, Legal --- Polycentric law --- Polycentricity, Legal --- Law --- Conflict of laws --- Minorities --- Cultural diversity. --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc - Congresses --- Legal polycentricity - Congresses

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252 Mensenrechten --- Nederland --- Canada --- Islam --- discriminatie --- Terrorisme --- 674 Gezondheidsrecht --- Human rights --- National security --- Religious minorities --- Congresses. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Minorities --- Congresses --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Human rights - Congresses --- National security - Congresses --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc --- DROIT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC --- Droit comparé --- droits de l'homme --- sécurité --- sphère publique --- sphère privée --- Pays-Bas / Canada / Iran / Congo

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Freedom of religion --- Religious minorities --- Church and state --- Religion and state --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Freedom of religion. --- Religion and state. --- Sociology of religion --- Human rights --- Religious minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. --- Church and state - Great Britain --- religious freedom --- the liberal state --- religion and state --- religious minorities --- church and state