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This paper surveys the recent literature on the Japanese distribution system to consider two propositions: first, that the system is inefficient, and second that prices of imported products tend to be higher in Japan than in other markets. Most of the literature demonstrates that the system is efficient. However, the efficiency has not necessarily resulted in high social welfare as consumers have had limited access to various product lines or paid high prices for some products. This paper examines the distribution system in the automobile industry to promote understanding about the impacts of the system on price differentials.

Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Industries: Automobile --- Firm Organization and Market Structure --- Retail and Wholesale Trade --- e-Commerce --- Trade: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Multinationals --- Imports --- Automobile industry --- Public expenditure review --- Foreign corporations --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Expenditure --- Automobile industry and trade --- Expenditures, Public --- Japan

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Sustaining the impressive convergence gains allowed by the Czech automotive sector has become challenging due to its comparatively lower value added, lower investments in research and development, and lower skills in the labor market. Using a structural model of global value chains, the paper examines policies to smooth the transition to the production of electric vehicles in Czechia. The analysis explores the impacts of increasing labor productivity, boosting production capabilities, and moving up the global value chain. These policies were found to have a relatively lower impact when they shift specialization towards lower value-added stages of production.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Globalization --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Quantitative Policy Modeling --- Globalization: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Economics: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Global value chains --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Skilled labor --- International agencies --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Czech Republic

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Reducing transport sector emissions is an important pillar of the green transition. However, the transition to electric vehicles (EV) portends major changes in vehicle manufacturing activity, on which many livelihoods in Europe depend. Using the heterogeneity across European countries in the speed of transition to EV production and variation in sectoral and regional exposure to the automotive sector, this paper offers early evidence of the labor market implications of the EV transition. Our results suggest that the transformation of the auto sector is already having an adverse impact on employment in the affected sectors and regions, which can be expected to grow at least in the near term. Many of the affected workers will be able to retire and our analysis suggests that those who will have to transition to new “greener” jobs have a fair chance to do so when compared to other workers in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, we find evidence that active labor market policies, specifically training, can help to reduce the adjustment costs for the affected workers.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Exports and Imports --- Industries: Automobile --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Trade: General --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Climate change --- Exports --- International trade --- Employment rate --- Labor markets --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Labor market --- Automobile industry and trade --- Climatic changes

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Sustaining the impressive convergence gains allowed by the Czech automotive sector has become challenging due to its comparatively lower value added, lower investments in research and development, and lower skills in the labor market. Using a structural model of global value chains, the paper examines policies to smooth the transition to the production of electric vehicles in Czechia. The analysis explores the impacts of increasing labor productivity, boosting production capabilities, and moving up the global value chain. These policies were found to have a relatively lower impact when they shift specialization towards lower value-added stages of production.

Czech Republic --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Globalization --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Quantitative Policy Modeling --- Globalization: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Economics: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Global value chains --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Skilled labor --- International agencies --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Labor market