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The aim of this volume is to summarize the current status and future outlook of the reionization field on both the theoretical and observational fronts. It brings together leading experts in many sub-disciplines, highlighting the measurements that are likely to drive the growing understanding of reionization and the cosmic dawn, and lays out a roadmap to interpreting the wealth of upcoming observations. The birth of the first stars and galaxies, and their impact on the diffuse matter perme­ating the early Universe, is one of the final frontiers in cosmology. Recently, measure­ments of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), sourced only a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, provided robust insight into the overall physical content of our Universe. On the other end of the timeline, groundbreaking telescopes provide us a picture of the complexities of the galaxy-rich universe in which we now live. However, we know almost nothing about the astrophysics of the first billion years. During this relatively brief epoch, a tiny fraction of matter condensed inside the first galaxies, forming the first stars. This culminated in the final major phase change of our universe, cosmological reionization, which lifted the cosmic fog and allowed visible light to spread throughout space. This mysterious ep­och of reionization corresponds to the transition between the relative simplicity of the early universe and the complexity of the present-day one. It is fundamental in understanding cosmic origins, and its impact on structure formation resonates even to this day. Until recently, there was very little observational insight into the epoch of reionization. Subsequent observational and theoretical advancements have begun to paint a picture of a complicated, extended, inhomogeneous process. At its core, the process of cosmological reionization involves understanding how stars and clumps of gas impact each other and eventually the entire Universe. The challenges associated with such an enormous range of relevant scales, coupled with our relatively poor understanding of the dominant astrophysics, have thus far impeded efforts to form a solid theoretical framework. As such, the interpretation of the reionization data currently available remains controversial even as the wealth of data is increasing thanks to more sophisticated analytical and numerical approaches. Investigations have become subtler, discarding the “one size fits all” approach in favor of focused studies with specialized tools, placing astrophysics on the cusp of a dramatic increase in knowledge. What is the best use of limited observational resources? How to develop theoretical tools tailored for each observation? Ultimately, what will be learned about the epoch of reionization and the Universe’s galactic ancestors?

Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics. --- Radiative transfer. --- Interstellar hydrogen. --- Cosmic background radiation. --- Quasars. --- QSOs (Astronomy) --- Quasi-stellar radio sources --- Background radiation, Cosmic --- Cosmic microwave background --- Cosmic microwave radiation --- Microwave background --- Transfer, Radiative --- Astronomical physics --- Epoch of reionization. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- EoR (Epoch of reionization) --- Reionization era --- Cosmogony --- Radio sources (Astronomy) --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Hydrogen --- Interstellar matter --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Radiation and absorption --- Astronomy.

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Gamma-ray bursts are the brightest--and, until recently, among the least understood--cosmic events in the universe. Discovered by chance during the cold war, these evanescent high-energy explosions confounded astronomers for decades. But a rapid series of startling breakthroughs beginning in 1997 revealed that the majority of gamma-ray bursts are caused by the explosions of young and massive stars in the vast star-forming cauldrons of distant galaxies. New findings also point to very different origins for some events, serving to complicate but enrich our understanding of the exotic and violent universe. What Are Gamma-Ray Bursts? is a succinct introduction to this fast-growing subject, written by an astrophysicist who is at the forefront of today's research into these incredible cosmic phenomena. Joshua Bloom gives readers a concise and accessible overview of gamma-ray bursts and the theoretical framework that physicists have developed to make sense of complex observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. He traces the history of remarkable discoveries that led to our current understanding of gamma-ray bursts, and reveals the decisive role these phenomena could play in the grand pursuits of twenty-first century astrophysics, from studying gravity waves and unveiling the growth of stars and galaxies after the big bang to surmising the ultimate fate of the universe itself. What Are Gamma-Ray Bursts? is an essential primer to this exciting frontier of scientific inquiry, and a must-read for anyone seeking to keep pace with cutting-edge developments in physics today.

Gamma ray bursts. --- Stars --- Birth, Stellar --- Formation, Star --- Formation, Stellar --- Stellar birth --- Stellar formation --- Bursts, Cosmic gamma ray --- Bursts, Gamma ray --- Cosmic gamma ray bursts --- Transients, Gamma ray --- Gamma ray astronomy --- X-ray bursts --- Formation. --- Evolution --- GRB afterglows. --- GRB. --- GRBs. --- NASA GRB satellite. --- Partial Test Ban Treaty. --- Ray Klebesadel. --- Swift satellite. --- Vela Satellite Program. --- X-ray emission. --- afterglow emission. --- afterglow theory. --- afterglow. --- afterglows. --- anomalous X-ray pulsars. --- astronomers. --- astrophysics. --- big bang. --- central engine behavior. --- cosmic phenomena. --- cosmic rays. --- dust. --- electromagnetic spectrum. --- explosion propertie. --- galaxies. --- gamma-ray bursts. --- gas. --- gravitational waves. --- gravity waves. --- high-energy emission. --- neutrinos. --- neutron stars. --- nuclear testing. --- panchromatic observations. --- progenitors. --- reionization. --- relativistic shocks. --- scientific inquiry. --- soft Gamma-ray Repeaters. --- star formation. --- supernova. --- young stars.

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In Roman Eyes, Jas Elsner seeks to understand the multiple ways that art in ancient Rome formulated the very conditions for its own viewing, and as a result was complicit in the construction of subjectivity in the Roman Empire. Elsner draws upon a wide variety of visual material, from sculpture and wall paintings to coins and terra-cotta statuettes. He examines the different contexts in which images were used, from the religious to the voyeuristic, from the domestic to the subversive. He reads images alongside and against the rich literary tradition of the Greco-Roman world, including travel writing, prose fiction, satire, poetry, mythology, and pilgrimage accounts. The astonishing picture that emerges reveals the mindsets Romans had when they viewed art--their preoccupations and theories, their cultural biases and loosely held beliefs. Roman Eyes is not a history of official public art--the monumental sculptures, arches, and buildings we typically associate with ancient Rome, and that tend to dominate the field. Rather, Elsner looks at smaller objects used or displayed in private settings and closed religious rituals, including tapestries, ivories, altars, jewelry, and even silverware. In many cases, he focuses on works of art that no longer exist, providing a rare window into the aesthetic and religious lives of the ancient Romans.

Arts, Classical. --- Visual perception. --- Aesthetics, Roman. --- Roman aesthetics --- Optics, Psychological --- Vision --- Perception --- Visual discrimination --- Classical arts --- Psychological aspects --- Adoration. --- Aelius Aristides. --- Aeschylus. --- Agalmatophilia. --- Anchises. --- Ancient Greek art. --- Ancient Rome. --- Anecdote. --- Anthropomorphism. --- Apuleius. --- Art history. --- Atargatis. --- Bathing. --- Bibliography. --- Capitoline Museums. --- Castration. --- Christian apologetics. --- Conflation. --- Cooling. --- Cult image. --- Cupid and Psyche. --- De Dea Syria. --- Deity. --- Diana and Actaeon. --- Drapery. --- Ekphrasis. --- Epigram. --- Epithet. --- Eroticism. --- Genre. --- Greco-Roman world. --- H II region. --- Hagiography. --- Hare Krishna (mantra). --- Harpocrates. --- Hellenization. --- Hierapolis. --- Hieros gamos. --- Hydrogen line. --- Iconography. --- Illustration. --- In the Water. --- Indulgence. --- Initiation. --- Ionic Greek. --- Ionization. --- Late Antiquity. --- Leucippe and Clitophon. --- Libation. --- Mimesis. --- Narrative logic. --- Narrative. --- Neo-Attic. --- Number density. --- Oculus. --- Our Choice. --- Parody. --- Philostratus. --- Photon. --- Piety. --- Poetry. --- Polytheism. --- Posture (psychology). --- Praxiteles. --- Procession. --- Pubic hair. --- Putto. --- Queen of Heaven. --- Reionization. --- Religion and sexuality. --- Religious image. --- Rite. --- Roman art. --- Satire. --- Sculpture. --- Second Sophistic. --- Self-consciousness. --- Sensibility. --- Serapis. --- Sexual intercourse. --- Sincerity. --- Social reality. --- Sophist (dialogue). --- Sophistication. --- Star formation. --- Subjectivity. --- Temperature. --- The Golden Ass. --- The Last Sentence. --- The Sea Monster. --- Theatricality. --- Venus Anadyomene. --- Verisimilitude (fiction). --- Verisimilitude. --- Viewing (funeral). --- Voluptas. --- Voyeurism. --- Vulva. --- Writing. --- Zeuxis. --- Romans --- Aesthetics. --- Religious life.