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In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking.
Access to bank --- Account --- Accounting --- Administration --- Administrative process --- Advertising --- Artisans --- Bank account --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Banking system --- Beneficiaries --- Bookkeeping --- Budget --- Business --- Business activity --- Business entry --- Business environment --- Business facilitation --- Business in development --- Business management --- Business performance --- Business plan --- Business registration --- Business regulation --- Business services --- Business training --- Cash transfers --- Certificate --- Chamber of commerce --- Check --- Collateral --- Commerce --- Commercial bank --- Commercial law --- Communication --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and competition policy --- Contact information --- Contract --- Cost --- Customers --- Data --- Database --- Debit card --- Debt markets --- Deposit --- Developing countries --- Direct costs --- Dummy variable --- E-business --- Economic activity --- Electricity --- Enabling environment --- Enterprise development --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial products --- Financial statements --- Firm performance --- Future --- Good --- Human capital --- ID --- Impact evaluation --- Impacts --- Implementation --- Implementing agencies --- Information --- Information banks --- Information services --- Inspection --- Institution --- International bank --- International development --- International finance --- Legal environment --- Levy --- Liability --- License --- Limited liability --- Link --- Loan --- Market --- Medium enterprises --- Microenterprises --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Network --- New markets --- One-stop shop --- Open access --- Option --- Ownership --- Performance --- Phone --- Phone number --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Profit --- Protocol --- Quality --- Quality of services --- Registration process --- Registration system --- Result --- Returns --- Sales --- Selling --- Share --- Small business --- Tax --- Tax exemption --- Tax forms --- Tax obligations --- Tax rate --- Tax regime --- Tax system --- Technical assistance --- Trade sector --- Trading --- Transparency --- Turnover --- Unfair competition --- Uses --- Web
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In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking.
Access to bank --- Account --- Accounting --- Administration --- Administrative process --- Advertising --- Artisans --- Bank account --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Banking system --- Beneficiaries --- Bookkeeping --- Budget --- Business --- Business activity --- Business entry --- Business environment --- Business facilitation --- Business in development --- Business management --- Business performance --- Business plan --- Business registration --- Business regulation --- Business services --- Business training --- Cash transfers --- Certificate --- Chamber of commerce --- Check --- Collateral --- Commerce --- Commercial bank --- Commercial law --- Communication --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and competition policy --- Contact information --- Contract --- Cost --- Customers --- Data --- Database --- Debit card --- Debt markets --- Deposit --- Developing countries --- Direct costs --- Dummy variable --- E-business --- Economic activity --- Electricity --- Enabling environment --- Enterprise development --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial products --- Financial statements --- Firm performance --- Future --- Good --- Human capital --- ID --- Impact evaluation --- Impacts --- Implementation --- Implementing agencies --- Information --- Information banks --- Information services --- Inspection --- Institution --- International bank --- International development --- International finance --- Legal environment --- Levy --- Liability --- License --- Limited liability --- Link --- Loan --- Market --- Medium enterprises --- Microenterprises --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Network --- New markets --- One-stop shop --- Open access --- Option --- Ownership --- Performance --- Phone --- Phone number --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Profit --- Protocol --- Quality --- Quality of services --- Registration process --- Registration system --- Result --- Returns --- Sales --- Selling --- Share --- Small business --- Tax --- Tax exemption --- Tax forms --- Tax obligations --- Tax rate --- Tax regime --- Tax system --- Technical assistance --- Trade sector --- Trading --- Transparency --- Turnover --- Unfair competition --- Uses --- Web
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"Despite assertions about the unprecedented nature of his presidency, few of Trump's policies have been novel; many had been proposed in varied form throughout the latter years of the 20th century. Yet it was not until 9/11 that many of these policies started to take hold. In this intellectual and political history, Greenberg traces the evolving language, law, governance and policy that began to redefine the nation in the wake of 9/11 and shows how these took a transformative step forward under Donald Trump. Rampant executive power, exceptionalism in foreign affairs, racism and xenophobia, disinformation, and a disdain for the law-all found secure footing initially after the attacks of 9/11 and with new energy and rootedness in the era of Trump. Ultimately, Greenberg shows how Trump repurposed the war on terror playbook and turned it on democracy itself. The book outlines the "subtle tools" that were put into place in the wake of 9/11 and that paved the way for Trump's politics today: imprecision and vagueness in language, secrecy and the hiding of facts, bureaucratic porousness, and the abandonment of norms. Greenberg shows, for instance, how the all-encompassing language used in the Authorizations for Use of Military Force (which ultimately authorized the Iraq War) became characteristic of other policies, providing legal grounding for previously illegal practices like the indefinite detention of "detainees" at Guantanamo Bay and of children and adults at the southern border. These tools--subtle enough to evade public scrutiny--hold the key, Greenberg argues, to understanding the trajectory of our democracy over the last two decades. In mapping out democratic vulnerabilities, the book also points to the reforms that would be needed to strengthen and ground American governance. Overall, the result is a book deeply grounded in interview, legal documents, and archival work that finds a new origin point for the story of the Trump-era and reveals the deep connection between the war and terror and our current political life"-- "How policies forged after September 11 were weaponized under Trump and turned on American democracy itself. In the wake of the September 11 terror attacks, the American government implemented a wave of overt policies to fight the nation's enemies. Unseen and undetected by the public, however, another set of tools were brought to bear on the domestic front. In this riveting book, one of today's leading experts on the US security state shows how these "subtle tools" imperiled the very foundations of democracy, from the separation of powers and transparency in government to adherence to the Constitution.Taking readers from Ground Zero to the Capitol insurrection, Karen Greenberg describes the subtle tools that were forged under George W. Bush in the name of security: imprecise language, bureaucratic confusion, secrecy, and the bypassing of procedural and legal norms. While the power and legacy of these tools lasted into the Obama years, reliance on them increased exponentially in the Trump era, both in the fight against terrorism abroad and in battles closer to home. Greenberg discusses how the Trump administration weaponized these tools to separate families at the border, suppress Black Lives Matter protests, and attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election.Revealing the deeper consequences of the war on terror, Subtle Tools paints a troubling portrait of an increasingly undemocratic America where disinformation, xenophobia, and disdain for the law became the new norm, and where the subtle tools of national security threatened democracy itself"--
War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Global Struggle Against Violent Extremism, 2001-2009 --- Global War on Terror, 2001-2009 --- GWOT, 2001-2009 (War on Terrorism) --- Terror War, 2001-2009 --- Terrorism War, 2001-2009 --- War against Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- War on Terror, 2001-2009 --- Military history, Modern --- Terrorism --- World politics --- Afghan War, 2001-2021 --- Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001 --- -Politcal aspects. --- Prevention --- Trump, Donald, --- Trump, Donald J., --- Tramp, Donalʹd, --- Трамп, Дональд, --- 川普唐納德, --- The Donald, --- Donald, --- Trump, Donald John, --- United States --- Politics and government --- Politcal aspects. --- Abuse of power. --- Accountability. --- Activism. --- Aftermath of the September 11 attacks. --- Aircraft. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Assassination. --- At Best. --- Attempt. --- Ballot. --- By-law. --- Civil service. --- Cold War (1985–91). --- Complaint. --- Counter-terrorism. --- Credential. --- Crime. --- Declaration of war. --- Deference. --- Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. --- Deportation. --- Detainer. --- Directive (European Union). --- Director of National Intelligence. --- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. --- Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. --- Donald Trump. --- Economy of Iran. --- Electoral fraud. --- Enemy combatant. --- Enhanced interrogation techniques. --- Establishment Clause. --- Executive order. --- Federal government of the United States. --- Fraud. --- Gennifer Flowers. --- George W. Bush. --- Governor of Oregon. --- Hillary Clinton. --- Homeland Security Act. --- Homeland security. --- Illegal immigration. --- Immigration policy. --- Immigration. --- Inauguration. --- Injunction. --- Inspector general. --- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. --- Islamic terrorism. --- James Comey. --- John Ashcroft. --- Joint session. --- Law enforcement. --- Lawsuit. --- Legislator. --- Louis Freeh. --- Michael Chertoff. --- Military deployment. --- Mission creep. --- Muslims (nationality). --- National Security Entry-Exit Registration System. --- National security. --- Nomination. --- Patriot Act. --- Plaintiff. --- Politics and the English Language. --- Posse Comitatus Act. --- Prisoner of war. --- Proclamation. --- Prosecutor. --- Protest. --- Qasem Soleimani. --- Recommendation (European Union). --- Refugee. --- Reince Priebus. --- Robert Bork. --- Robert F. Kennedy. --- Rubber bullet. --- Ryan Crocker. --- Secrecy. --- Solicitor General. --- Statute. --- Taliban. --- Targeted killing. --- Tear gas. --- Terrorism. --- Torture. --- Un-American. --- United States Department of Homeland Security. --- United States Department of State. --- Unrest. --- Vetting. --- Voting Rights Act of 1965. --- Voting. --- Waiver. --- War Powers Resolution. --- War. --- Warfare. --- Watergate scandal. --- White supremacy.
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