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The Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) is structured in two parts, along with annexes that explore the good practices of specific cities and organizations and the positive results of their initiatives. Part I: Understanding and Achieving Urban Sustainability lays out a process for, andpractical guidance on, a four-stage approach that includes (1) diagnosis of the city's currentsituation; (2) definition of a vision for change and establishment of priorities; (3) an approachto financing of the plan that achieves and demonstrates fiscal sustainability; and (4) monitoring and evaluation. Part II: The GPSC Measuring Framework builds a common understanding of sustainability within the urban context through two "enabling" and four "outcome" dimensions. The enabling dimensions are (1) governance and integrated urban planning, and (2) fiscal sustainability. The outcome dimensions are (1) urban economies, (2) natural environment and resources, (3) climate action and resilience, and (4) inclusivity and quality of life.
City to City Alliances --- Regional Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urban Economics
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The need for more sustainable and integrative planning processes as a way of dealing with the complexity of urban mobility has been widely recognized. Within the European Union (EU) there has been an enhanced focus on urban mobility solutions where local authorities move away from past 'silo approaches' and develop approaches that can stimulate a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable transport modes, in line with the EU's 2013 Urban Mobility Package and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs).As people choose to move away from cities to the periphery or to neighboring municipalities, it becomes critical that the organization of urban transport services, including commuter rail, is coordinated within functional urban areas based on travel-to-work patterns and not be limited to a city's administrative area.International experience suggests that public transport planners must recognize two integration dimensions: (a) integration among all modes and routes comprising the multi-modal public transport network, (b) integration of the public transport offer within a functional urban area, such that the public transport offer matches the mobility requirements of passengers. Successful integration in both dimensions will provide a more customer-friendly experience and make public transport more efficient and cost-effective.The objective of this Report is to assess barriers to fare integration and impediments to integrated service planning. More specifically, it aims to: analyze the current legal framework, review current fare discount policy and public financing of such discounts, identify legal obstacles to fare integration; present examples of European best practice in the area of public transport integration; and provide recommendations to remove barriers to fare and ticketing integration.The World Bank identified six key recommendations aimed at incentivizing public transport integration: i) Introducing uniform statutory fare discount system. ii) Reforming the system for financing statutory fare discounts. iii) Removing barriers to cooperation among different levels of self-government. iv) Strengthening local authorities responsible for transport and creating open integration platforms. v) Protecting PSO Operators from creaming skimming. vi)Promote fare integration. Changing the status quo will require significant changes to the legal environment for public transport aimed at removing barriers to integration.
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Argentina's population and economic activity is highly concentrated in few places, similar to global trends. But unlike countries like South Korea, the concentration of economic activity has not been balanced by successful efforts to improve living standards across the country. How can the government reduce development gaps across the national territory while at the same time supporting growth opportunities within a context of national fiscal deficit? Using a territorial development lens that allows the identification of challenges and opportunities at the sub-national level, this report provides a framework and diagnostics to understand Argentina through three dimensions of scale, specialization, and convergence. Chapter 1 explains the territorial development framework used for the analysis. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the economic geography of Argentina and the challenges the country faces along these three dimensions. Chapter 3 presents a closer look at two provinces, Salta and Jujuy, and puts them under the same lens. Chapter 4 summarizes the key messages of the report, providing benchmarking to compare Argentina to other countries around the world in scale, specialization, and convergence.
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Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda: Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals is an Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), jointly provided by the Poverty and Equity Global Practice and the Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice at the World Bank. The objective of this report is to inform the Government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction, through the following four stand-alone but closely related notes. Stimulating urban economic development, particularly outside the capital city of Kigali, is critical to helping Rwanda to achieve its strategic objective of a 35 percent urban population share by 2020. This note looks at the current growth rates and characteristics of secondary cities1 and other fast-growing towns outside of Kigali, and assesses the opportunities and prospects for, as well as constraints upon, future economic growth and development. It also sets out key actions required from the Government of Rwanda (GoR) tohelp stimulate growth in these cities and towns. There are multiple population estimates for secondary cities and fast-growning towns due to the inconsistencies in defining which areas are urban and in defining city boundaries, and thus which sectors to include in estimates of city populations. According to the 2002 and 2012 censuses, the six secondary cities grew at an average rate of 3.3 percent over this period, slower than the national rate of urban growth of 4.1 percent and the rate for Kigali of 4.2 percent. In comparison, the three fast-growing towns are estimated to have grown at a rate of 5.3 percent, albeit from a lower starting base, between 2002 and 2012. Of the secondary cities, Musanze, Rubavu and Nyagatare are growing most rapidly. The Musanze to Rubavu corridor benefits from (i) the rich agricultural resources along this corridor, and (ii) Rubavu's proximity to the large market of Goma in DRC. Nyagatare has absorbed significant investment in recent years, and has also benefitted from the high levels of migration to the East of the country witnessed by the most recent inter-censual period. This is reflected in the findings of Note 2 which identifies internal migration toward the Eastern Province.
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The objective of this report is to inform the government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction. Note two examines internal migration in Rwanda, which is a recent phenomenon and remains fairly limited, with less than 10 percent of the population changing their district of residence in the three years between 2011 and 2014. Rural-to-urban migration has increased slightly as a share of internal migration, and with internal migration increasing overall, the absolute number of people moving from rural to urban areas has grown. The spatial disparities in living standards offer a compelling motivation for people in lagging areas to move closer to economic density. This note takes a closer look at the scale and nature of internal migration in Rwanda. This note is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two presents the scale and pattern of internal migration, focusing particularly on rural-to-urban migration and the secondary cities. Section three sketches the characteristics of migrants, focusing on push and pull factors and disaggregating by type of migration. The final section four concludes.
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The objective of this report is to inform the government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction. Note 1 examines Rwanda's urbanization process since 2002 by analyzing satellite images and other sources. This note presents and analyses the core features and trends of Rwanda's urbanization process. In the first part, it lays out the overall trends in Rwanda's levels of urbanization and the primary trends in urban expansion of Rwanda's key cities, and presents central legal and institutional elements that influence and inform the dynamics of urbanization. Second, it analyses the characteristics and spatial economy of the urban system. Third, it provides an analysis of key characteristics of connectivity of the urban system, domestically and with perspectives to regional connectivity. Last, the note lays out a set of policy implications.
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The work summarized in this report fills a knowledge gap by contributing to an improved understanding of the links between competitiveness and pollution. Specifically, it argues that pollution need not be an inevitable consequence of development. Indeed, there are examples of cities that have been able to manage pollution while transitioning through different development stages. Recognizing, however, that policy makers are often grappling with how to negotiate this balance, the report also provides policy makers with options to strengthen competitiveness in their cities while mitigating the negative effects of pollution. This report summarizes the findings of the Pollution Management and the Making of Prosperous Cities Program, which had a three part objective: (i) to generate information and knowledge that will be helpful to mayors and other city and national level decision makers in urban planning and economic competitiveness; (ii) to increase understanding and capacity among pollution related decisionmakers; and (iii) produce outputs and tools to support policy makers in managing both pollution and competitiveness. In order to build a knowledge base around the links between competitiveness and pollution, and provide policymakers with useful tools for decision making, this work uses new empirical evidence, city case studies, and international best practices.
Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Brown Issues and Health --- Environment --- Indoor Air Pollution --- Pollution Management and Control --- Regional Urban Development --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development
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Tanzania's growth and poverty reduction aspirations hinge on shifting from a reliance on agriculture toward greater productivity. Cities' key role in generating a more competitive economy is already apparent: in 2012, just four Tanzanian cities produced more than half of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), and they are expected to represent almost 60 percent of the country's GDP in 2030. Urban areas also account for the majority of the country's physical, financial, human, academic, and technological capital. Cities are integral for shaping Tanzania's development, but what shape are cities in now and where are they heading based on current trends? This report analyses the state of Tanzania's urbanization process and the condition of its cities and institutions through the lens of three main challenges that constrain the contribution of Tanzania's towns and cities to economic diversification and growth, reduce their resilience to shocks, and limit their livability and inclusivity. The report then offers a set of recommendations to guide policies and investments that will promote urban planning for inclusive and resilient urban development, stronger connections between cities and neighborhoods, and institutions and financing mechanisms that are well placed to scale up sustainable urban development.
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Rwanda has demonstrated a remarkable performance in economic growth and poverty reduction in the past decade and a half. With urbanization as an explicit developmental strategy, the government has indeed made significant efforts to prepare a solid foundation on which urban development can take off. The objective of this report is to inform the government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction, through the following four stand-alone but closely related notes. Note 1 examines Rwanda's urbanization process since 2002 by analyzing satellite images and various other sources. Note 2 analyzes internal migration patterns of Rwandan households, mainly based on the last two household surveys, and discusses the main drivers or reasons for migration. Note 3 explores whether and to what extent urbanization, in the sense of increased density and enhanced connectivity has resulted in job creation and poverty reduction in Rwanda. Note 4 provides a detailed analysis of the core secondary cities of the country, discussing their expansion in terms of urban area and population, economic profiles and potential, access to services, and urban development plans. A separate note has been prepared to provide an alternative definition of urbanization in Rwanda, addressing the on the constraints associated with the current definition of urbanization. This Synthesis Note presents the key findings, messages, and recommendations of the overall work.
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This report is organized in four sections. Section one provides an overview of the context in which many ECA cities consolidated. This section includes a review of the key factors that shaped the urban systems of ECA, including a discussion of the implication of urbanizing under planned economies and a discussion of recent demographic trends (migration and fertility). This section also includes an overview of the contribution of the urban sector to ECA's economy and the linkages between urbanization and economic development. Section two zooms into ECA's urban systems and describes emerging trends in population and economic density using the Cities in ECA database. Among the observed trends, is the emergence of two opposing patterns in ECA's urban system: one of (population) growth and one of decline. Section three takes a closer look at cities, comparing winners to losers, and parses through underlying factors that could explain their relative position. Finally, section four touches on the policy implications of the report's empirical findings, highlighting how other countries and cities have managed decline and identifies potential follow-up work. The report is based on a unique city-level database that covers more than 5,000 cities in the region. The report does not intend to provide country specific or in-depthassessment at the sub-regional level, does not cover other angles of interest (firm-level analysis, household-level analysis) or provide an in-depth analysis of policy implications. These are both limitations, and potential follow-up activities. However, the report is complemented by 17 country-level snapshots, which describe in detail country specific trends.
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