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Our words & ideas refer to objects and properties in the external world; this phenomenon is central to thought, language, communication, & science. But great works of fiction are full of names that don't seem to refer to anything! This book explores the myriad of problems that surround the phenomenon of reference. How can words in language & perturbations in our brains come to stand for external objects? Reference is essential to truth, but which is more basic: reference or truth? How can fictional characters play such an important role in imagination & literature, & how does this use of language connect with more mundane uses? The book develops a framework for understanding reference, & the theories that other thinkers have developed about it. But it doesn't simply tell us what others thought; the book is full of new ideas, making for a vital final contribution from a seminal philosopher.

Reference (Philosophy)

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Intention (Logic) --- Reference (Philosophy)

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Language and languages --- Reference (Philosophy) --- Reality.

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Reference (Philosophy) --- Language and languages --- Philosophy.

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Necessity (Philosophy) --- Ontology --- Reference (Philosophy) --- Universals (Philosophy)