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In many parts of the world, oppositional publishing has emerged in contexts of state oppression. In South Africa, censorship laws were enacted in the 1960s, and the next decade saw increased pressure on freedom of speech and publishing. With growing restrictions on information, activist publishing emerged. These highly politicised publishers had a social responsibility, to contribute to social change. In spite of their cultural, political and social importance, no academic study of their history has yet been undertaken. This Element aims to fill that gap by examining the history of the most vocal and arguably the most radical of this group, Ravan Press. Using archival material, interviews and the books themselves, this Element examines what the history of Ravan reveals about the role of oppositional print culture.

Publishers and publishing --- Social change --- Censorship --- Apartheid --- Anti-apartheid movements --- History --- Ravan Press. --- Black people --- Blacks --- Segregation --- Book censorship --- Books --- Literature --- Literature and morals --- Anticensorship activists --- Challenged books --- Expurgated books --- Intellectual freedom --- Prohibited books --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Book publishing --- Book industries and trade --- Booksellers and bookselling --- Law and legislation --- Publishing