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Free thought --- Anarchism --- Lliure pensament. --- Anarquisme. --- Racionalisme.

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The essay already published in Italian and Spanish, analyzes the role played by rationality in the history of social sciences, in order to propose a basically problematic interpretation of human action. In this perspective, various theories of rationality connected to the various attempts to provide an "interpretative perspective" useful for a more adequate understanding of individual organizational and institutional action are examined. For this purpose, the works of numerous classics are examined including Dahrendorf, Mannheim, Marx, Popper, Weber and, in a different perspective, the contributions of Habermas, Luhmann, Parsons and Schütz. A reflection is then proposed on the concrete theoretical perspectives opened by the criticisms of the theory of rational choice, taking into consideration the observations and proposals advanced by Antiseri, Boudon, Sen, Simon. The contributions of Ardigò, Alexander, Cesareo and Machiavelli and Pareto are studied in depth, regarding the "extra rational" and value dimension in human action. Furthermore, the perspectives outlined by Bauman, Beck, Sennett are analyzed, in order to get to deepen the “liquid rationality”, the Risikogesellshaft and the Risikoleben, but also the development of uncontrolled flexibility and the consequences on personal life. Finally, we wonder about the reasons for unexpected action and through the contribution of Nussbaum and Piketty on the strategic role played by ethics, rationality and skills in postmodern societies. The evolution of the concept of rationality is analyzed, starting from the dichotomy between holism and individualism; The problematic nature of the interpretation of human behaviour is discussed in the light of the contributions of many social scientists shifting the focus from a utilitarian to a value-oriented approach; It describes the increasingly complex and unpredictable scenario that determines an open future based on unexpected behaviour and actions.

Psychology. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Ethics. --- Action theory. --- Philosophy. --- Cognitive science. --- Behavioral Sciences and Psychology. --- Moral Psychology. --- Action Theory. --- Cognitive Science. --- Science --- Philosophy of mind --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Goal-directed action --- Goal-directed behavior --- Theory, Action --- Psychology --- Sociology --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Behavioral sciences --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Soul --- Mental health --- Rationalism. --- Social sciences --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Social philosophy --- Social theory --- Racionalisme --- Ciències socials --- Holisme --- Individualisme --- Filosofia --- Conducta (Psicologia)

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This edited book collection offers strong theoretical and philosophical insight into how digital platforms and their constituent algorithms interact with belief systems to achieve deception, and how related vices such as lies, bullshit, misinformation, disinformation, and ignorance contribute to deception. This inter-disciplinary collection explores how we can better understand and respond to these problematic practices. The Epistemology of Deceit in a Postdigital Era: Dupery by Design will be of interest to anyone concerned with deception in a ‘postdigital’ era including fake news, and propaganda online. The election of populist governments across the world has raised concerns that fake news in online platforms is undermining the legitimacy of the press, the democratic process, and the authority of sources such as science, the social sciences and qualified experts. The global reach of Google, YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and other platforms has shown that they can be used to create and spread fake and misleading news quickly and without control. These platforms operate and thrive in an increasingly balkanised media eco-system where networks of users will predominantly access and consume information that conforms to their existing worldviews. Conflicting positions, even if relevant and authoritative, are suppressed, or overlooked in everyday digital information consumption. Digital platforms have contributed to the prolific spread of false information, enabled ignorance in online news consumers, and fostered confusion over determining fact from fiction. The collection explores: Deception, what it is, and how its proliferation is achieved in online platforms. Truth and the appearance of truth, and the role digital technologies play in pretending to represent truth. How we can counter these vices to protect ourselves and our institutions from their potentially baneful effects. Chapter 15 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Ciències socials --- Teoria del coneixement --- Fake news --- Notícies falses --- Notícies falses (Periodisme) --- Desinformació --- Periodisme --- Epistemologia --- Gnoseologia --- Consciència --- Filosofia --- Lògica --- Metafísica --- Psicologia --- A priori --- Analogia --- Categories (Filosofia) --- Certesa --- Comparació (Psicologia) --- Comprensió --- Conceptes --- Constructivisme (Filosofia) --- Creença i dubte --- Criteri --- Empirisme --- Epistemologia genètica --- Error --- Experiència --- Explicació --- Falsabilitat --- Fenomenisme --- Idea (Filosofia) --- Identitat (Concepte filosòfic) --- Ideologia --- Immanència (Filosofia) --- Interdisciplinarietat --- Intuïció --- Justificació (Teoria del coneixement) --- Mems --- Objectivitat --- Observació (Psicologia) --- Percepció --- Pragmatisme --- Psicologia de la forma --- Qüestionament --- Racionalisme --- Raó suficient --- Relativisme --- Relativitat (Filosofia) --- Semblança (Filosofia) --- Sentit comú --- Sentits --- Sociologia del coneixement --- Subjecte (Filosofia) --- Subjectivitat --- Teoria de les ficcions --- Teoria del coneixement d'un mateix --- Universals (Filosofia) --- Valors (Filosofia) --- Apercepció --- Cognició --- Intel·ligència --- Realitat --- Transcendència (Filosofia) --- Veritat --- Civilització --- Anàlisi transcultural --- Comunicació en ciències socials --- Ciències de l'educació --- Civisme --- Conducta (Psicologia) --- Conservadorisme --- Criminologia --- Demografia --- Dret --- Ecologia humana --- Economia --- Equilibri social --- Fotografia en les ciències socials --- Funcionalisme (Ciències socials) --- Història --- Paradigmes (Ciències socials) --- Pluralisme cultural --- Política --- Sociologia --- Teoria econòmica --- Didàctica de les ciències socials --- Ensenyament de les ciències socials --- Fake news. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- News, Fake --- Disinformation --- Hoaxes --- Journalism --- Educational technology. --- Knowledge, Sociology of. --- Education --- Communication. --- Digital Education and Educational Technology. --- Sociology of Knowledge and Discourse. --- Educational Philosophy. --- Media and Communication. --- Philosophy. --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Sociology --- Knowledge, Theory of (Sociology) --- Sociology of knowledge --- Communication --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Public opinion --- Social epistemology --- Instructional technology --- Technology in education --- Technology --- Educational innovations --- Instructional systems --- Teaching --- Aids and devices --- Social sciences.

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Currículums (Ensenyament) --- Pedagogia crítica --- Teoria del coneixement --- Epistemologia --- Gnoseologia --- Consciència --- Filosofia --- Lògica --- Metafísica --- Psicologia --- A priori --- Analogia --- Categories (Filosofia) --- Certesa --- Comparació (Psicologia) --- Comprensió --- Conceptes --- Constructivisme (Filosofia) --- Creença i dubte --- Criteri --- Empirisme --- Epistemologia genètica --- Error --- Experiència --- Explicació --- Falsabilitat --- Fenomenisme --- Idea (Filosofia) --- Identitat (Concepte filosòfic) --- Ideologia --- Immanència (Filosofia) --- Interdisciplinarietat --- Intuïció --- Justificació (Teoria del coneixement) --- Mems --- Objectivitat --- Observació (Psicologia) --- Percepció --- Pragmatisme --- Psicologia de la forma --- Qüestionament --- Racionalisme --- Raó suficient --- Relativisme --- Relativitat (Filosofia) --- Semblança (Filosofia) --- Sentit comú --- Sentits --- Sociologia del coneixement --- Subjecte (Filosofia) --- Subjectivitat --- Teoria de les ficcions --- Teoria del coneixement d'un mateix --- Universals (Filosofia) --- Valors (Filosofia) --- Apercepció --- Cognició --- Intel·ligència --- Realitat --- Transcendència (Filosofia) --- Veritat --- Humanisme crític en educació --- Pedagogia radical --- Teoria crítica --- Educació popular --- Currículum --- Currículum (Ensenyament) --- Currículum bàsic --- Currículum comú --- Currículum obert --- Currículum ocult --- Currículums --- Pla d'estudis --- Plans d'estudis --- Programes d'estudi --- Programes d'ensenyament --- Ensenyament --- Sistema educatiu --- Adaptacions curriculars --- Assignatures --- Crèdits (Ensenyament) --- Disseny curricular --- Eixos transversals (Educació) --- Estudis de dones --- Modificació curricular --- Programació d'aula --- Projecte curricular de centre --- Activitats dirigides --- Avaluació curricular --- Estudis lesbians i gais --- Education --- Critical pedagogy. --- Curricula --- Philosophy. --- Critical humanism in education --- Radical pedagogy --- Critical theory --- Popular education --- Transformative learning --- Teoria del coneixement.