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This textbook examines the controversial issue of racial profiling and how it affects a police officer's decision concerning which drivers should be stopped for questioning during routine traffic duty. This textbook takes the strong stance that racial profiling should be universally rejected as a police strategy. However, profiling of offenders without regard to race should continue to be used by police officers as a sound crime fighting strategy. The author explains that profiling is not only a necessary strategy for police officers, but that profiling is indeed a natural part of human psychology that allows people to better understand the world. The textbook is divided into eight sections. Section one explains the value of traffic stops to maintaining the public order and how some stops end up in court. Section two explains the controversy surrounding racial profiling and the ways in which it affects civil rights and even community relations. This section also takes a look at recent racial profiling litigation. Section three looks at specific State and Federal cases where racial profiling has presented legal complications. In particular, this section discusses racial profiling cases that occurred in New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois, Los Angeles, New York, Minnesota, and Ohio. The fourth section discusses legal issues involved with racial profiling, including an examination of the police civil rights pattern or practice statute, more commonly simply called section 14141. This section also provides an overview of common police defenses and case settlements. Section five explains the birth of Federal civil rights consent decrees and how they operate. This section also reports on the use of monitors to evaluate police department practices and on the fiscal impact of implementing racial profiling remedial actions. Section six reports on the effects of litigation on police conduct and operations. Section seven discusses the roles of elected officials, police managers, and police unions in relation to managing the impacts of legal remedies on police service. Finally, section eight outlines the consequences consent decrees have had on the operations of police departments. The author concludes by cautioning that although racial profiling should not be among the strategies employed by police officers, heavy-handed constraints placed on officers by political officials could seriously undermine the crime fighting potential of our Nations police departments.

Racial profiling in law enforcement --- Discrimination in law enforcement --- Traffic violations --- Discrimination in law enforcement -- United States. --- Racial profiling in law enforcement -- United States. --- Traffic violations -- United States.

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From random security checks at airports to the use of risk assessment in sentencing, actuarial methods are being used more than ever to determine whom law enforcement officials target and punish. And with the exception of racial profiling on our highways and streets, most people favor these methods because they believe they're a more cost-effective way to fight crime. In 'Against Prediction', Bernard E. Harcourt challenges this growing reliance on actuarial methods. These prediction tools, he demonstrates, may in fact 'increase' the overall amount of crime in society, depending on the relative responsiveness of the profiled populations to heightened security. They may also aggravate the difficulties that minorities already have obtaining work, education, and a better quality of life& thus perpetuating the pattern of criminal behavior. Ultimately, Harcourt shows how the perceived success of actuarial methods has begun to distort our very conception of just punishment and to obscure alternate visions of social order. In place of the actuarial, he proposes instead a turn to randomization in punishment and policing. The presumption, Harcourt concludes, should be 'against prediction. '

Criminal behavior, Prediction of --- Law enforcement --- Racial profiling in law enforcement --- Statistical methods --- Statistical methods. --- Racial profiling in law enforcement - United States --- Criminal behavior, Prediction of - United States --- Law enforcement - United States - Statistical methods

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Big data --- Criminal statistics --- Data mining in law enforcement --- Discrimination in law enforcement --- Electronic surveillance --- Law enforcement --- Police --- Racial profiling in law enforcement --- Data processing --- Law enforcement - United States - Data processing --- Police - United States - Data processing --- Big data - United States --- Data mining in law enforcement - United States --- Electronic surveillance - United States --- Criminal statistics - United States --- Discrimination in law enforcement - United States --- Racial profiling in law enforcement - United States