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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is constantly spreading throughout the world. Moreover, it is estimated that around 90% of children’s infections are attributable to the mother-child transmission. It is therefore crucial to find measures able to counter this transmission channel. The first step to introduce is the use of anti-retroviral drugs before and during the delivery as well as to the newborn. The main objective is to keep the viral load of the mother at undetectable levels before giving birth whilst minimising the toxic risk for both mother and child. The choice of the treatment has to take into account the immuno-virological parameters of the mother, the toxic risk for the chi Id, the transplacental path of the different molecules, the socio-cultural setting and the stage of the pregnancy when the mother presents herself for the first time. A tritherapy is the preferred choice, but when the social environment does not allow it or the mother presents herself for the first time when she has already entered into labour, a mono- or bitherapy may also be beneficial. The choice of the treatment administered to the newborn must take into account the anti-retrovirals taken by his/her mother as well as the availability of a paediatric formulation. The second step relates to the choice of the delivery manner. If the viral load of the mother is superior to 1000 copies of HIV RNA/ml at the moment of delivery, a caesarean delivery scheduled before the breaking of the membranes has a protective effect. If it is inferior, the relation between the potential benefit for the child and the risk for the mother must be considered. Another important step IS the prohibition of breast-feeding. This measure is more or less easy to apply in function of the socio-cultural setting. When all the recommended prophylactic measures are applied, the rate of vertical transmission of the virus can be reduced to less than 1% Le virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine (VIH) ne cesse de se propager partout dans le monde. Or, on estime qu’environ 90% des contaminations d’enfant sont attribuables à la transmission mère-enfant di VIH. Il est donc primordial d’établir des mesures capables de prévenir cette voie de transmission du virus. La première mesure à instaurer est le recours aux antirétroviraux avant et pendant l’accouchement ainsi que chez le nouveau-né. L’objectif principal est de rendre la charge virale maternelle indétectable avant l’accouchement tout en minimisant le risque de toxicité pour la mère et l’enfant. Le choix du traitement adéquat doit tenir compte des paramètres immuno-virologiques de la mère, du risque de toxicité de l’enfant, du passage transplacentaire des différentes molécules, du contexte socio-culturel et du stade d’avancement de la grossesse au moment où la femme se présente pour la première fois. Une trithérapie est le choix à privilégier, mais lorsque le contexte social ne la permet pas ou que la femme se présente pour la première fois alors que le travail a déjà commencé, une mono- ou bithérapie s’avère également bénéfique. Le choix du traitement administré au nouveau-né doit tenir compte des antirétroviraux pris par sa mère ainsi que la disponibilité d’une formule pédiatrique. La seconde mesure concerne le choix du mode d’accouchement. Si la charge virale maternelle est supérieure à 1000 copies d’ARN VIH/ml au moment de l’accouchement, une césarienne programmé avant la rupture des membranes a un effet protecteur. Si elle est inférieure, le rapport entre le bénéfice potentiel pour l’enfant et le risque pour la mère doit être pris en compte. Une autre mesure importante est l’interdiction d’allaiter. Cette mesure est plus ou moins facile à appliquer selon le contexte socio-culturel. Lorsque l’ensemble des mesures prophylactiques recommandées est respecté, le taux de transmission verticale du virus peut être réduit à moins de 1%
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
RNA --- translational control --- RNA-binding proteins --- mRNA localization --- development --- disease
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Science: general issues --- Medical genetics --- RNA --- translational control --- RNA-binding proteins --- mRNA localization --- development --- disease --- RNA --- translational control --- RNA-binding proteins --- mRNA localization --- development --- disease
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During their life, epithelial cells progress from a proliferative and undifferentiated state to a differentiated and polarized state allowing the cells to perform their functions. At the in situ stage of epithelial carcinomas, the reverse transition has been described: transformed cells rapidly lose their polarity, dedifferentiate and proliferate.
Assuming the existence of transcriptional “master switches”, that should promote cell proliferation while repressing simultaneously polarization and differentiation programs, the host laboratory got interested by the transcription factor ZONAB (ZO-1-associated Nucleic Acid Binding). At low density, ZONAB is located in the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in proliferation. At high density, ZONAB would be sequestered at the tight junctions, by physical association to the scaffold protein ZO-1. An alternative to the translocation of ZONAB to the tight junction has been proposed by the host laboratory. In three different systems, they observe an inverse relation between ZONAB expression level and cellular differentiation, suggesting the decrease in ZONAB expression level when cells polarize and differentiate (at high density). Moreover, they demonstrated that artificial over expression of ZONAB in differentiated cells changes their cell fate: they dedifferentiate and resume proliferation. Despite the fact that these results demonstrate that ZONAB is a transcriptional “master switch”, the regulation, the protein partners and the target and the target genes of ZONAB are not well studied.
In order to better understand the regulation of and by the transcription factor ZONAB, my work focused on the construction and validation of a multifunctional tool using the Halo Tag® technology of Promega. The first step consisted in the construction of plasmid vectors allowing expression of a fusion protein between ZONAB and the Halo Tag® protein, a halogenase that forms a covalent bond with Halo Tag® ligands. The canine and murine cDNAs of ZONAB were amplified and cloned in plasmid vectors allowing the expression at different levels of ZONAB in c- or N- terminus of the Halo Tag®. Then, I checked the expression of the fusion protein ZONAB- Halo Tag® by western-blotting on BMEL cell extracts transiently transfected with these vectors. Using the Halo Tag® properties and a fluorescent ligand, I visualized the fusion proteins in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus of living or fixed cells; a localization similar to that of endogenous ZONAB. Finally, I demonstrated in transient transfection that the fusion protein ZONAB- Halo Tag® retains its transcriptional repressive activity on two target genes.
As ZONAB- Halo Tag® behaves like the endogenous ZONAB protein; I started the study of and by ZONAB using ZONAB- Halo Tag® pull-down to identify new protein partners. I validated the pull-down assays by detecting two well-known protein partners of ZONAB (Zo-1 and symplekin) associated with ZONAB- Halo Tag®, but not with Halo Tag® does not prevent ZONAB from interacting with these two protein partners. Lastly, I performed a large scale pull-down assay with ZONAB- Halo Tag® and showed that we can identify protein partners of ZONAB by mass spectrometry. In conclusion, my work has provided, to the host laboratory, a multifunctional tool which allows the identification of protein partners and could also be used to search for ZONAB target genes Au cours de leur vie, les cellules épithéliales progressent d’un état prolifératif et indifférencié à un état différencié et polarisé permettant aux cellules d’assurer leurs fonctions. Au stade in situ des carcinomes épithéliaux, on observe la transition inverse : les cellules transformées perdent rapidement leur polarité, se dédifférencient et prolifèrent de manière autonome.
En postulant l’existence de “master switches” transcriptionnels capables de promouvoir la prolifération des cellules tout en réprimant de manière simultanée les programmes de polarisation et de différenciation, le laboratoire d’accueil s’est intéressé au facteur de transcription ZONAB (ZO-1- associated Nucleic Acid Binding). A Faible densité cellulaire, ZONAB se localise dans le noyau et stimule l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la prolifération. A forte densité cellulaire ZONAB serait séquestré aux jonctions serrées, par association avec la protéine d’échafaudage ZO-1. Une alternative à ce modèle de translocation de ZONAB aux jonctions serrées est proposée par le laboratoire d’accueil. Dans trois systèmes différents, une relation inverse entre l’expression de ZONAB et la différenciation a en effet été observée, suggérant l’élimination de ZONAB lorsque les cellules se polarisent et se dédifférencient (à haute densité). En outre, le laboratoire a démontré qu’en plus d’être un stimulateur de la prolifération, ZONAB est un répresseur de la différenciation apicale. L’expression forcée de ZONAB dans des cellules différenciées change le devenir des cellules qui se dédifférencient et recommencent à proliférer. Bien que ces résultats démontrent que ZONAB est un « master switch » transcriptionnel, la régulation, les partenaires et les gènes de ce facteur de transcription ne sont pas bien connus.
Afin de mieux comprendre la régulation du et par le facteur de transcription ZONAB, mon mémoire s’est attaché à obtenir et valider un outil multifonctionnel en utilisant la technologie HaloTag® de Promega. La première étape de mon mémoire a consisté en la construction de vecteurs permettant l’expression d’une protéine de fusion entre ZONAB et une halogénase « taggable » l’ HaloTag®. Les cDNAs de ZONAB de chien et de souris ont été amplifiés et clonés dans des vecteurs assurant l’expression à des niveaux variables de ZONAB en c- ou en N-terminal de l’ HaloTag®. J’ai ensuite vérifié l’expression des protéines de fusion ZONAB- HaloTag® par westernblotting sur des extraits de cellules BMEL transfectées de manières transitoire avec ces vecteurs. En utilisant les propriétés de l’HaloTag® et un ligand fluorescent, j’ai visualisé les protéines de fusion dans le cytoplasme mais également dans le noyau de cellules vivantes ou fixées ; une localisation comparable à ZONAB endogène. Enfin, j’ai démontré en transfection transitoire que ZONAB en fusion avec l’HaloTag® conserve ses propriétés de répresseur transcriptionnel sur deux gènes cibles connus.
Ayant vérifié que notre outil, ZONAB- HaloTag®, se comporte comme la protéine ZONAB endogène, j’ai entamé l’étude de la régulation de et par ZONAB. En plus d’être visualisable, l’HaloTag® est précipitable (pull-down) ; une propriété utile pour l’identification de nouveaux partenaires protéiques mais également des gènes cibles de ZONAB. J’ai validé les expériences de précipitation en détectant deux partenaires connus de ZONAB (ZO-1 et la symplékine) associés à ZONAB-Halo Tag®, mais pas à l’HaloTag® seul. Ceci démontre que la fusion n’empêche pas ZONAB d’interagir avec ses partenaires protéiques. Finalement, j’ai réalisé une expérience de pull-down à grande échelle sur ZONAB-Halo Tag® qui valide cet outil pour l’identification de nouveaux partenaires de ZONAB par spectrométrie de masse. En conclusion, mo mémoire a fourni au laboratoire un outil fonctionnel qui permet l’identification de partenaires et qui pourra également être utilisé pour la recherche des gènes cibles de ZONAB
CSDA protein, human --- Transcription Factors --- Epithelial Cells --- Cell Proliferation --- RNA-Binding Proteins
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Science: general issues --- Medical genetics --- RNA --- translational control --- RNA-binding proteins --- mRNA localization --- development --- disease
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
RNA --- RNA Splicing --- RNA binding proteins --- RNA modifications --- Human disease and tRNA modifications
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
RNA regulatory enzyme --- RNA-binding protein --- RNA modification --- transcription --- translation --- tRNA --- quality control --- RNA processing
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Science: general issues --- Medical genetics --- RNA regulatory enzyme --- RNA-binding protein --- RNA modification --- transcription --- translation --- tRNA --- quality control --- RNA processing --- RNA regulatory enzyme --- RNA-binding protein --- RNA modification --- transcription --- translation --- tRNA --- quality control --- RNA processing
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Science: general issues --- Medical genetics --- RNA --- RNA Splicing --- RNA binding proteins --- RNA modifications --- Human disease and tRNA modifications --- RNA --- RNA Splicing --- RNA binding proteins --- RNA modifications --- Human disease and tRNA modifications
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