Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

One of the critical issues in semiconductor technology is the precise electrical characterization of ultra-shallow junctions. Among the plethora of measurement techniques, the optical reflectance approach developed in this work is the sole concept that does not require physical contact, making it suitable for non-invasive in-line metrology. This work develops extensively all the fundamental physical models of the photomodulated optical reflectance technique and introduces novel approaches that extend its applicability from dose monitoring towards detailed carrier profile reconstruction. It represents a significant breakthrough in junction metrology with potential for industrial implementation.

Semiconductors -- Optical properties. --- Semiconductors -- Testing -- Optical methods. --- Semiconductors. --- Silicon -- Nondestructive testing. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Reflectance. --- Light modulators. --- Modulators, Light --- Photomodulators --- Coefficient of reflection --- Radiant total reflectance --- Reflection coefficient --- Reflection factor --- Reflectivity (Optics) --- Total reflectance, Radiant --- Physics. --- Applied and Technical Physics. --- Modulators (Electronics) --- Optoelectronic devices --- Reflection (Optics) --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Materials

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Precipitation is a well-recognized pillar in the global water and energy balances. The accurate and timely understanding of its characteristics at the global, regional and local scales is indispensable for a clearer insight on the mechanisms underlying the Earth’s atmosphere-ocean complex system. Precipitation is one of the elements that is documented to be greatly affected by climate change. In its various forms, precipitation comprises the primary source of freshwater, which is vital for the sustainability of almost all human activities. Its socio-economic significance is fundamental in managing this natural resource effectively, in applications ranging from irrigation to industrial and household usage. Remote sensing of precipitation is pursued through a broad spectrum of continuously enriched and upgraded instrumentation, embracing sensors which can be ground-based (e.g., weather radars), satellite-borne (e.g., passive or active space-borne sensors), underwater (e.g., hydrophones), aerial, or ship-borne. This volume hosts original research contributions on several aspects of remote sensing of precipitation, including applications which embrace the use of remote sensing in tackling issues such as precipitation estimation, seasonal characteristics of precipitation and frequency analysis, assessment of satellite precipitation products, storm prediction, rain microphysics and microstructure, and the comparison of satellite and numerical weather prediction precipitation products.

Northern China --- raindrop size distribution (DSD) --- microphysical processes --- quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) --- satellite-based precipitation --- elevation --- extreme events --- IMERG-V05B and V06A --- MSWEP --- ERA5 --- SM2RAIN --- precipitation estimation --- soil moisture --- SM2RAIN-CCI --- SM2RAIN-ASCAT --- multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) --- error decomposition --- complex topography --- diverse climate --- gauge data --- IMERG --- TAHMO --- morphing --- field displacement --- TIGGE --- precipitation --- numerical weather prediction --- satellite --- flood --- spring 2019 --- Iran --- GPM IMERG --- satellite precipitation --- spatiotemporal analysis --- statistical distribution --- validation --- Mainland China --- GSMaP_NRT --- GSMaP_Gauge_NRT --- raindrop size distribution --- radar reflectivity --- raindrop spectrometer --- semi-arid area --- assessment --- Taiwan --- data assimilation --- WRF model --- high-impact rainfall events --- GNSS ZTD --- optimum interpolation --- geographically weighted regression --- downscaling --- Tianshan Mountains --- satellite precipitation products --- evaluation --- daily rainfall --- hourly rainfall --- GPM --- TRMM --- GNSS --- GNSS antenna --- receiver antenna calibration --- relative calibration --- Phase Center Variation --- U-blox --- goGPS --- Zenith Tropospheric Delay --- ZED-F9P --- GSMaP --- Nepal --- cloud radar --- thunderstorm --- LDR --- hydrometeor --- hydrometeor classification --- lightning --- discharge --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI --- ground radar --- precipitation interpolation --- geographically and temporally weighted regression --- time weight function --- geographically and temporally weighted regression kriging --- extreme rainfall --- polarimetric radar signatures --- quantitative precipitation estimation --- southern china --- reanalysis --- linear trends --- mainland China --- EDBF algorithm --- geospatial predictor --- spatial pattern --- weighted precipitation --- Cyprus --- bias correction --- object-based method --- storm events --- Thies --- disdrometer --- weather circulations --- convective --- stratiform --- rain spectra --- radar reflectivity–rain rate relationship --- gridded precipitation products --- abrupt changes --- trends --- statistical indicators --- agriculture --- Pakistan --- rainfall --- radar --- extreme precipitation --- spatial bootstrap --- Louisiana --- annual maxima --- n/a --- radar reflectivity-rain rate relationship

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book is a collection of 10 research articles (from 18 submissions) authored by researchers and peer reviewed by professionals in the field to address the use of sustainable composite materials in civil and architectural engineering over the course of more than 2 years. Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), geopolymers, and various recycled and repurposed waste materials are among the items addressed, used in a variety of applications from flame retardance to energy consumption. This book is a great resource for both academics and professionals in the field of engineering.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- basic oxygen furnace slag --- autoclave test --- geopolymer technology --- expansion behavior --- recycling --- Ag/MWCNT --- EMSE --- laminated woven fabric --- PTFE film --- screen printing --- utilization --- SiC sludge --- alkaline activator solutions --- synergistic effect --- geopolymer reaction --- flame retardant --- organic-inorganic hybrid --- polyurethane --- sol-gel method --- graphene nanoplatelets --- graphene nanoplatelets/epoxy nanocomposite --- mechanical properties --- planetary centrifugal mixing --- three-roll milling --- traditional dispersal --- cement soil --- nano MgO --- carbonization process --- compressive strength --- energy dissipation --- asphalt concrete --- radiation cooling --- emissivity --- thermal conductivity --- recycled carbon fiber --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- microwave-assisted pyrolysis --- shock wave --- inorganic --- geopolymer --- heat storage --- light reflectivity --- heat flux --- sustainable cities and communities --- carbon fiber-reinforced polymer --- silane coupling agents --- basic oxygen furnace slag --- autoclave test --- geopolymer technology --- expansion behavior --- recycling --- Ag/MWCNT --- EMSE --- laminated woven fabric --- PTFE film --- screen printing --- utilization --- SiC sludge --- alkaline activator solutions --- synergistic effect --- geopolymer reaction --- flame retardant --- organic-inorganic hybrid --- polyurethane --- sol-gel method --- graphene nanoplatelets --- graphene nanoplatelets/epoxy nanocomposite --- mechanical properties --- planetary centrifugal mixing --- three-roll milling --- traditional dispersal --- cement soil --- nano MgO --- carbonization process --- compressive strength --- energy dissipation --- asphalt concrete --- radiation cooling --- emissivity --- thermal conductivity --- recycled carbon fiber --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- microwave-assisted pyrolysis --- shock wave --- inorganic --- geopolymer --- heat storage --- light reflectivity --- heat flux --- sustainable cities and communities --- carbon fiber-reinforced polymer --- silane coupling agents

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Remotely sensed geophysical datasets are being produced at increasingly fast rates to monitor various aspects of the Earth system in a rapidly changing world. The efficient and innovative use of these datasets to understand hydrological processes in various climatic and vegetation regimes under anthropogenic impacts has become an important challenge, but with a wide range of research opportunities. The ten contributions in this Special Issue have addressed the following four research topics: (1) Evapotranspiration estimation; (2) rainfall monitoring and prediction; (3) flood simulations and predictions; and (4) monitoring of ecohydrological processes using remote sensing techniques. Moreover, the authors have provided broader discussions on how to capitalize on state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques to improve hydrological model simulations and predictions, to enhance their skills in reproducing processes for the fast-changing world.

Research & information: general --- rainfall monitoring --- remote sensing --- rain rate estimation --- 5G --- millimeter-wave --- E-band --- LOS-MIMO --- UAV remote sensing --- Ephemeral rivers --- flood peak discharge --- incipient motion --- arid ungauged regions --- flash flood --- Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement --- Rainfall Triggering Index --- Yunnan --- ecological water transfer --- wetland vegetation ecosystem --- surface and groundwater interaction --- northwestern China --- WRF-3DVar data assimilation --- coupled atmospheric-hydrologic system --- rainfall-runoff prediction --- lumped Hebei model --- grid-based Hebei model --- WRF-Hydro modeling system --- evapotranspiration --- model --- SWAT --- calibration --- regression --- Sierra Nevada --- flux tower --- water limitation --- vapor pressure deficit --- double-mass analysis --- coefficient of variability --- seasonal ARIMA --- MK-S trend analysis --- evaporation --- LAI --- NDVI --- urban ecosystem --- sponge city --- PML-V2 --- Penman–Monteith equation --- Sentinel-2 --- assimilation frequency --- data assimilation --- WRF-3DAVR --- radar reflectivity --- rainfall forecast --- urban flood --- design rainfall --- ungauged drainage basin --- RainyDay --- IDF formula --- hydrological prediction --- climate change --- land use change

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Remotely sensed geophysical datasets are being produced at increasingly fast rates to monitor various aspects of the Earth system in a rapidly changing world. The efficient and innovative use of these datasets to understand hydrological processes in various climatic and vegetation regimes under anthropogenic impacts has become an important challenge, but with a wide range of research opportunities. The ten contributions in this Special Issue have addressed the following four research topics: (1) Evapotranspiration estimation; (2) rainfall monitoring and prediction; (3) flood simulations and predictions; and (4) monitoring of ecohydrological processes using remote sensing techniques. Moreover, the authors have provided broader discussions on how to capitalize on state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques to improve hydrological model simulations and predictions, to enhance their skills in reproducing processes for the fast-changing world.

rainfall monitoring --- remote sensing --- rain rate estimation --- 5G --- millimeter-wave --- E-band --- LOS-MIMO --- UAV remote sensing --- Ephemeral rivers --- flood peak discharge --- incipient motion --- arid ungauged regions --- flash flood --- Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement --- Rainfall Triggering Index --- Yunnan --- ecological water transfer --- wetland vegetation ecosystem --- surface and groundwater interaction --- northwestern China --- WRF-3DVar data assimilation --- coupled atmospheric-hydrologic system --- rainfall-runoff prediction --- lumped Hebei model --- grid-based Hebei model --- WRF-Hydro modeling system --- evapotranspiration --- model --- SWAT --- calibration --- regression --- Sierra Nevada --- flux tower --- water limitation --- vapor pressure deficit --- double-mass analysis --- coefficient of variability --- seasonal ARIMA --- MK-S trend analysis --- evaporation --- LAI --- NDVI --- urban ecosystem --- sponge city --- PML-V2 --- Penman–Monteith equation --- Sentinel-2 --- assimilation frequency --- data assimilation --- WRF-3DAVR --- radar reflectivity --- rainfall forecast --- urban flood --- design rainfall --- ungauged drainage basin --- RainyDay --- IDF formula --- hydrological prediction --- climate change --- land use change