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Zimbabwe's failure to address continuing central bank quasi-fiscal losses has interfered with both monetary management and the independence and credibility of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ). Realized quasi-fiscal losses are estimated to have amounted to about 75 percent of GDP in 2006. Because they were financed by creating money creation or issuing RBZ securities, they contributed to the four-digit inflation reached in 2006. The remedy for the current situation is clearly to eliminate the causes of losses by implementing measures to improve the cash-flow of the bank and restore its financial position.

Accounting --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Money Supply --- Credit --- Money Multipliers --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- National Deficit Surplus --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Banking --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Macroeconomics --- Open market operations --- Financial statements --- Quasi-fiscal operations --- Central banks --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Prices --- Banks and banking --- Finance, Public --- Banks and banking, Central --- Zimbabwe --- Inflation (Finance) --- Monetary policy --- Demand for money

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Comparisons about the role of the government in an economy are usually made by reference to the share of tax revenue or of public expenditure in gross domestic product. However, governments often use other tools for pursuing their objectives. The paper discusses these other tools, shows the extent to which they can replace the traditional fiscal instruments, and assesses their quantitative importance. Various highly speculative hypotheses are advanced about the role of these other tools in countries at different levels of development.

Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Civil service & public sector --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Expenditure --- Quasi-fiscal operations --- Revenue administration --- Public sector --- Central banks --- Economic sectors --- Expenditures, Public --- Revenue --- Finance, Public --- Banks and banking, Central --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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El Boletín del FMI aborda de manera específica el trabajo del FMI y los grandes temas macroeconómicos y financieros internacionales y ofrece análisis sobre la evolución en los distintos países y regiones y en el mundo; información sobre las operaciones, políticas, reformas y asistencia técnica del FMI; síntesis de las principales investigaciones económicas mundiales; datos fundamentales que no suelen estar disponibles en otras fuentes, e informes sobre debates económicos y financieros que tienen lugar dentro y fuera del FMI. Este boletín de 16 páginas, publicado 12 veces al año, está orientado a una vasta audiencia, que incluye autoridades de política económica, analistas, profesionales del mundo académico y de los medios de difusión y estudiantes. Disponible en inglés, español y francés.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Labor --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- International economics --- Commodity markets --- Wage bargaining --- Quasi-fiscal operations --- Contingent liabilities --- Tariffs --- Wages --- Commodity exchanges --- Fiscal policy --- Tariff --- Ghana

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This paper discusses the project financed by the World Bank for controlling the flow of the Chao Phya River in Thailand. Chao Phya is the lifestream of the Thai people. However, this river, and its principal tributaries are, in their natural state, capricious rivers. In the early 1950s, the World Bank began assisting the Thai government in a series of projects designed to break this ancient tyranny of the rivers’ violent changes. The paper describes how the river is being tamed for irrigation and navigation, and how they are providing electric power and other benefits.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Demography --- Trade: General --- Monetary Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Banking --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Multiple currency practices --- Exports --- Quasi-fiscal operations --- Reserve assets --- International trade --- Central banks --- Population and demographics --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Money --- Banks and banking, Central --- India

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This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights the important challenges Algeria continues to face as a result of the fall in oil prices four years ago. Despite sizable fiscal consolidation in 2017, the fiscal and current account deficits remain large. Real GDP growth slowed sharply, driven mainly by a contraction in hydrocarbon production, although growth in the nonhydrocarbon sector was stable. Unemployment increased to 11.7 percent in September 2017 from 10.5 in September 2016 and remains particularly high among youth and women. Average inflation declined from 6.4 percent in 2016 to 5.6 percent owing to slowing inflation for manufactured goods and services, and stood at 3.4 percent year over year in April 2018.

Monetary policy --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Algeria --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Taxation --- Fiscal Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Fiscal consolidation --- Oil prices --- Quasi-fiscal operations --- State-owned banks --- Fiscal policy --- Banks and banking --- Tax administration and procedure