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Metal ions are fundamental elements for the maintenance of the lifespan of plants, animals and humans. Their substantial role in biological systems was recognized a long time ago. They are essential for the maintenance of life and their absence can cause growth disorders, severe malfunction, carcinogenesis or death. They are protagonists as macro- or microelements in several structural and functional roles, participating in many bio-chemical reactions, and arise in several forms. They participate in intra- and intercellular communications, in maintaining electrical charges and osmotic pressure, in photosynthesis and electron transfer processes, in the maintenance of pairing, stacking and the stability of nucleotide bases and also in the regulation of DNA transcription. They contribute to the proper functioning of nerve cells, muscle cells, the brain and the heart, the transport of oxygen and to many other biological processes up to the point that we cannot even imagine a life without metals. In this book, the papers published in the Special Issue “The Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine” are summarized, providing a picture of metal ion uses in biology, biochemistry and medicine, but also pointing out the toxicity impacts on plants, animals, humans and the environment.

Research & information: general --- aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress --- n/a

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Metal ions are fundamental elements for the maintenance of the lifespan of plants, animals and humans. Their substantial role in biological systems was recognized a long time ago. They are essential for the maintenance of life and their absence can cause growth disorders, severe malfunction, carcinogenesis or death. They are protagonists as macro- or microelements in several structural and functional roles, participating in many bio-chemical reactions, and arise in several forms. They participate in intra- and intercellular communications, in maintaining electrical charges and osmotic pressure, in photosynthesis and electron transfer processes, in the maintenance of pairing, stacking and the stability of nucleotide bases and also in the regulation of DNA transcription. They contribute to the proper functioning of nerve cells, muscle cells, the brain and the heart, the transport of oxygen and to many other biological processes up to the point that we cannot even imagine a life without metals. In this book, the papers published in the Special Issue “The Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine” are summarized, providing a picture of metal ion uses in biology, biochemistry and medicine, but also pointing out the toxicity impacts on plants, animals, humans and the environment.

Research & information: general --- aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress

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Nanomedicine is among the most promising emerging fields that can provide innovative and radical solutions to unmet needs in pharmaceutical formulation development. Encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients within nano-size carriers offers several benefits, namely, protection of the therapeutic agents from degradation, their increased solubility and bioavailability, improved pharmacokinetics, reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, decreased drug immunogenicity, targeted delivery, and simultaneous imaging and treatment options with a single system.Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is one of the most commonly used polymers in nanomedicine formulations due to its excellent biocompatibility, tunable degradation characteristics, and high versatility. Furthermore, PLGA is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pharmaceutical products. Nanomedicines based on PLGA nanoparticles can offer tremendous opportunities in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various diseases.This Special Issue aims to focus on the bench-to-bedside development of PLGA nanoparticles including (but not limited to) design, development, physicochemical characterization, scale-up production, efficacy and safety assessment, and biodistribution studies of these nanomedicine formulations.

poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- blood–brain barrier (BBB) --- current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) --- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- nanotechnology --- PLGA nanoparticles --- neurodegenerative diseases --- drug delivery --- central nervous system --- neuroprotective drugs --- fluorescent labeling --- DiI --- coumarin 6 --- rhodamine 123 --- Cy5.5 --- quantum yield --- brightness --- stability of fluorescent label --- confocal microscopy --- intracellular internalization --- in vivo neuroimaging --- double-emulsion method --- dry powder inhalation --- antigen release --- porous PLGA particles --- microfluidics --- methotrexate --- chitosan --- PLA/PLGA --- sustained release --- micro-implant --- animal model --- minimally invasive --- drug delivery system --- nanoparticles --- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- microfluidic --- pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution --- atorvastatin calcium --- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) --- polymeric nanoparticles --- carrageenan induced inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- radiolabeled nanoparticles --- nuclear medicine --- photothermal therapy --- phthalocyanine --- SKOVip-kat --- Katushka --- TurboFP635 --- JO-4 --- PLGA --- orthotopic tumors --- 3D culture --- spheroids --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) --- nanomedicine --- scale-up manufacturing --- clinical translation --- inline sonication --- tangential flow filtration --- lyophilization --- downstream processing --- H. pylori --- design of experiments --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid --- size --- cancer --- chemoimmunotherapy --- immunogenic cell death --- immune checkpoint blockade --- PNA5 glycopeptide --- mas receptor --- angiotensin --- PLGA diblock copolymer --- ester and acid-end capped --- double emulsion solvent evaporation --- biocompatible --- biodegradable --- cardiovascular --- nanoparticle --- solid-state characterization --- in vitro --- drug release kinetics modeling --- PEGylation --- amine --- emulsion --- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) --- Pluronic triblock copolymer --- trehalose --- sucrose --- Indomethacin --- solvents --- stabilizers --- morphology --- particle-size --- encapsulation --- drug release --- cytotoxicity

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The semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been evolved as a prototypical material to understand the photocatalytic process, and has been demonstrated for various photocatalytic applications such as pollutants degradation, water splitting, heavy metal reduction, CO2 conversion, N2 fixation, bacterial disinfection, etc. Rigorous photocatalytic studies on TiO2 have paved the way to understanding the various chemical processes involved and the physical parameters (optical and electrical) required to design and construct diverse photocatalytic systems. Accordingly, it has been realized that an effective photocatalyst should have ideal band edge potential, narrow band gap energy, reduced charge recombination, enhanced charge separation, improved interfacial charge transfer, surface-rich catalytic sites, etc. As a result, many strategies have been developed to design a variety of photocatalytic systems, which include doping, composite formation, sensitization, co-catalyst loading, etc. Towards highlighting the above-mentioned diversities in TiO2 photocatalysis, there have been many interesting original research works on TiO2, involving material designs for various photocatalytic applications published in this Special Issue. In addition, some excellent review papers have also been published in this Special Issue, focusing on the various TiO2-based photocatalytic systems and their mechanisms and applications.

Research & information: general --- modified L-H model --- N-TiO2 --- photocatalytic degradation --- benzene --- antibacterial --- copper oxide --- photocatalyst --- titanium dioxide --- thin film --- visible light --- photovoltaic conversion --- interfacial charge-transfer transition --- 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane --- Nb-doped TiO2 --- N-doped graphene quantum dots --- TiO2 --- photocatalytic performance --- pyridinic N --- graphitic N --- solid-phase photocatalytic degradation --- polyvinyl borate --- decahedral-shaped anatase titania particles --- {001} and {101} facets --- facet-selective metal photodeposition --- pH dependence --- zeta potential --- facet-selective reaction --- photocatalysis --- deNOxing --- Titania --- photophysics --- metal oxides --- environment --- 2D materials --- composite --- iron-doped TiO2 --- photocatalytic activity --- low UV irradiation --- hydroxyl radical --- estriol --- W-Mo dopants --- nanoparticles --- non-metal- doped TiO2 --- nitroaromatic compounds --- reduction --- selectivity --- Titanium dioxide --- bismuth molybdate --- lignin --- UV light --- Photo-CREC Water II reactor --- Palladium --- Hydrogen production --- Quantum Yield --- magnetic property --- reusable --- photoreduction --- microporous material --- adsorption --- air purification --- porous glass --- mesocrystals --- synthesis --- modification --- Ru-Ti oxide catalysts --- HCl oxidation --- oxygen species --- Ce incorporation --- active phase-support interactions --- bleached wood support materials --- 3D photocatalyst --- UV transmittance --- floatable --- recyclable --- TiO2C composite --- acid catalyst --- dehydration --- fructose --- 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- microcystin --- controlled periodic illumination --- advanced oxidation process --- hexabromocyclododecane --- environmental management --- advanced oxidation processes --- energy band engineering --- morphology modification --- applications --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- visible-light-sensitive photocatalyst --- N-doped TiO2 --- plasmonic Au NPs --- interfacial surface complex (ISC) --- selective oxidation --- decomposition of VOC --- carbon nitride (C3N4) --- alkoxide --- ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) --- hydrogen production --- TiO2-HKUST-1 composites --- solar light --- electron transfer --- graphene quantum dots --- heterojunction --- process optimization --- response surface methodology --- kinetic study --- Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) --- TiO2 catalyst --- textile wastewater --- oxygen vacancy --- polymeric composites --- photoelectrochemistry --- co-modification --- solar energy conversion --- p-n heterojunction --- g-C3N4 --- charge separation --- semiconductors --- redox reactions --- band gap engineering --- nanostructures --- n/a --- in-situ formation --- anatase nanoparticles --- H-titanate nanotubes --- dual-phase --- low temperature

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The semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been evolved as a prototypical material to understand the photocatalytic process, and has been demonstrated for various photocatalytic applications such as pollutants degradation, water splitting, heavy metal reduction, CO2 conversion, N2 fixation, bacterial disinfection, etc. Rigorous photocatalytic studies on TiO2 have paved the way to understanding the various chemical processes involved and the physical parameters (optical and electrical) required to design and construct diverse photocatalytic systems. Accordingly, it has been realized that an effective photocatalyst should have ideal band edge potential, narrow band gap energy, reduced charge recombination, enhanced charge separation, improved interfacial charge transfer, surface-rich catalytic sites, etc. As a result, many strategies have been developed to design a variety of photocatalytic systems, which include doping, composite formation, sensitization, co-catalyst loading, etc. Towards highlighting the above-mentioned diversities in TiO2 photocatalysis, there have been many interesting original research works on TiO2, involving material designs for various photocatalytic applications published in this Special Issue. In addition, some excellent review papers have also been published in this Special Issue, focusing on the various TiO2-based photocatalytic systems and their mechanisms and applications.

Research & information: general --- modified L-H model --- N-TiO2 --- photocatalytic degradation --- benzene --- antibacterial --- copper oxide --- photocatalyst --- titanium dioxide --- thin film --- visible light --- photovoltaic conversion --- interfacial charge-transfer transition --- 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane --- Nb-doped TiO2 --- N-doped graphene quantum dots --- TiO2 --- photocatalytic performance --- pyridinic N --- graphitic N --- solid-phase photocatalytic degradation --- polyvinyl borate --- decahedral-shaped anatase titania particles --- {001} and {101} facets --- facet-selective metal photodeposition --- pH dependence --- zeta potential --- facet-selective reaction --- photocatalysis --- deNOxing --- Titania --- photophysics --- metal oxides --- environment --- 2D materials --- composite --- iron-doped TiO2 --- photocatalytic activity --- low UV irradiation --- hydroxyl radical --- estriol --- W-Mo dopants --- nanoparticles --- non-metal- doped TiO2 --- nitroaromatic compounds --- reduction --- selectivity --- Titanium dioxide --- bismuth molybdate --- lignin --- UV light --- Photo-CREC Water II reactor --- Palladium --- Hydrogen production --- Quantum Yield --- magnetic property --- reusable --- photoreduction --- microporous material --- adsorption --- air purification --- porous glass --- mesocrystals --- synthesis --- modification --- Ru-Ti oxide catalysts --- HCl oxidation --- oxygen species --- Ce incorporation --- active phase-support interactions --- bleached wood support materials --- 3D photocatalyst --- UV transmittance --- floatable --- recyclable --- TiO2C composite --- acid catalyst --- dehydration --- fructose --- 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- microcystin --- controlled periodic illumination --- advanced oxidation process --- hexabromocyclododecane --- environmental management --- advanced oxidation processes --- energy band engineering --- morphology modification --- applications --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- visible-light-sensitive photocatalyst --- N-doped TiO2 --- plasmonic Au NPs --- interfacial surface complex (ISC) --- selective oxidation --- decomposition of VOC --- carbon nitride (C3N4) --- alkoxide --- ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) --- hydrogen production --- TiO2-HKUST-1 composites --- solar light --- electron transfer --- graphene quantum dots --- heterojunction --- process optimization --- response surface methodology --- kinetic study --- Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) --- TiO2 catalyst --- textile wastewater --- oxygen vacancy --- polymeric composites --- photoelectrochemistry --- co-modification --- solar energy conversion --- p-n heterojunction --- g-C3N4 --- charge separation --- semiconductors --- redox reactions --- band gap engineering --- nanostructures --- in-situ formation --- anatase nanoparticles --- H-titanate nanotubes --- dual-phase --- low temperature