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Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disorder affecting the blood vessels in the lungs. Typically, symptoms first appear at around 30–40 years of age and, without treatment, can lead to fatal heart disease within a few years. Genetic studies over the past decade have identified numerous genes that contribute to disease progression but, for many sufferers, the underlying genetic cause remains elusive. The collection of reviews and original research articles contained within this book provide an overview of recent advancements in understanding the genetic risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. We further examine the emerging interplay between genetic variants and clinical outcomes, providing a framework for new treatments and improved patient care.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- massive parallel sequencing --- NGS --- digenic inheritance --- and genetics --- BMPR2 promoter --- pathogenic variant --- heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension --- genetic analysis --- NGS gene panel --- BMPR2 --- TBX4 --- GDF2 --- EIF2AK4 --- genomics --- pediatrics --- lung disease --- endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- DNA damage --- DNA repair --- expression quantitative trait locus --- eQTL --- blood --- genetics --- exome sequencing --- molecular genetics --- paediatrics --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 --- heritable --- familial --- estrogen --- estradiol --- penetrance --- gender --- PAH --- forward phenotyping --- forward genetics --- reverse genetics --- reverse phenotyping --- intermediate phenotypes --- whole-genome sequencing --- epigenetic inheritance --- genetic heterogeneity --- phenotypic heterogeneity --- pulmonary hypertension --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 --- signaling --- repurposed drugs --- pharmaceuticals --- miRNA --- clinical trials --- n/a

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Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disorder affecting the blood vessels in the lungs. Typically, symptoms first appear at around 30–40 years of age and, without treatment, can lead to fatal heart disease within a few years. Genetic studies over the past decade have identified numerous genes that contribute to disease progression but, for many sufferers, the underlying genetic cause remains elusive. The collection of reviews and original research articles contained within this book provide an overview of recent advancements in understanding the genetic risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. We further examine the emerging interplay between genetic variants and clinical outcomes, providing a framework for new treatments and improved patient care.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- massive parallel sequencing --- NGS --- digenic inheritance --- and genetics --- BMPR2 promoter --- pathogenic variant --- heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension --- genetic analysis --- NGS gene panel --- BMPR2 --- TBX4 --- GDF2 --- EIF2AK4 --- genomics --- pediatrics --- lung disease --- endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- DNA damage --- DNA repair --- expression quantitative trait locus --- eQTL --- blood --- genetics --- exome sequencing --- molecular genetics --- paediatrics --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 --- heritable --- familial --- estrogen --- estradiol --- penetrance --- gender --- PAH --- forward phenotyping --- forward genetics --- reverse genetics --- reverse phenotyping --- intermediate phenotypes --- whole-genome sequencing --- epigenetic inheritance --- genetic heterogeneity --- phenotypic heterogeneity --- pulmonary hypertension --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 --- signaling --- repurposed drugs --- pharmaceuticals --- miRNA --- clinical trials --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- massive parallel sequencing --- NGS --- digenic inheritance --- and genetics --- BMPR2 promoter --- pathogenic variant --- heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension --- genetic analysis --- NGS gene panel --- BMPR2 --- TBX4 --- GDF2 --- EIF2AK4 --- genomics --- pediatrics --- lung disease --- endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- DNA damage --- DNA repair --- expression quantitative trait locus --- eQTL --- blood --- genetics --- exome sequencing --- molecular genetics --- paediatrics --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 --- heritable --- familial --- estrogen --- estradiol --- penetrance --- gender --- PAH --- forward phenotyping --- forward genetics --- reverse genetics --- reverse phenotyping --- intermediate phenotypes --- whole-genome sequencing --- epigenetic inheritance --- genetic heterogeneity --- phenotypic heterogeneity --- pulmonary hypertension --- bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 --- signaling --- repurposed drugs --- pharmaceuticals --- miRNA --- clinical trials

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To meet the global food demand of an increasing population, food production has to be increased by 60% by 2050. The main production constraints, such as climate change, biotic stresses, abiotic stresses, soil nutrition deficiency problems, problematic soils, etc., have to be addressed on an urgent basis. More than 50% of human calories are from three major cereals: rice, wheat, and maize. The harnessing of genetic diversity by novel allele mining assisted by recent advances in biotechnological and bioinformatics tools will enhance the utilization of the hidden treasures in the gene bank. Technological advances in plant breeding will provide some solutions for the biofortification, stress resistance, yield potential, and quality improvement in staple crops. The elucidation of the genetic, physiological, and molecular basis of useful traits and the improvement of the improved donors containing multiple traits are key activities for variety development. High-throughput genotyping systems assisted by bioinformatics and data science provide efficient and easy tools for geneticists and breeders. Recently, new breeding techniques applied in some food crops have become game-changers in the global food crop market. With this background, we invited 18 eminent researchers working on food crops from across the world to contribute their high-quality original research manuscripts. The research studies covered modern food crop genetics and breeding.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- dry direct-seeded rice --- early vigor --- QTL --- candidate gene --- phenotyping --- EMS --- MutMap --- mutagenesis --- CLE7 --- tropical maize --- fasciation --- mapping --- radish --- microspore culture --- regeneration rate --- outcrossing --- two-way pseudo-testcross model --- Oryza sativa L. --- PPDK --- flo4-5 --- floury endosperm --- rice --- allelopathy --- yield --- HYV --- Tongil --- indica --- japonica --- SNP --- molecular breeding --- wheat quality --- wheat milling --- wheat hardness --- puroindolines --- water absorption capacity --- crop genetics --- Solanum tuberosum --- abiotic stress --- phenylpropanoids --- essential amino acid --- transcriptome --- small RNA --- comparative genomics --- nutrition --- days to heading --- Hd1 --- Ghd7 --- Hd16 --- chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- cold tolerance (CT) --- gene editing --- genetically modified --- genetically modified organism (GMO) --- crop breeding --- ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) --- genetic screening --- landraces --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- West Africa --- maize improvement --- DArTseq markers --- co-expression network --- drought-tolerant-yield --- reproductive-stage drought --- qDTYs --- transcriptomics --- watermelon --- pentatricopeptide-repeat (PPR) gene family --- comprehensive analysis --- expression profiling --- flesh color --- canola --- Brassica napus --- genetics --- gene technology --- genomics --- disease resistance --- CSSLs --- drought stress --- ‘KDML105’ rice --- low-temperature germinability --- interspecific cross --- interaction --- peanut --- core collection --- genome-wide association study --- linkage disequilibrium --- dry direct-seeded rice --- early vigor --- QTL --- candidate gene --- phenotyping --- EMS --- MutMap --- mutagenesis --- CLE7 --- tropical maize --- fasciation --- mapping --- radish --- microspore culture --- regeneration rate --- outcrossing --- two-way pseudo-testcross model --- Oryza sativa L. --- PPDK --- flo4-5 --- floury endosperm --- rice --- allelopathy --- yield --- HYV --- Tongil --- indica --- japonica --- SNP --- molecular breeding --- wheat quality --- wheat milling --- wheat hardness --- puroindolines --- water absorption capacity --- crop genetics --- Solanum tuberosum --- abiotic stress --- phenylpropanoids --- essential amino acid --- transcriptome --- small RNA --- comparative genomics --- nutrition --- days to heading --- Hd1 --- Ghd7 --- Hd16 --- chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- cold tolerance (CT) --- gene editing --- genetically modified --- genetically modified organism (GMO) --- crop breeding --- ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) --- genetic screening --- landraces --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- West Africa --- maize improvement --- DArTseq markers --- co-expression network --- drought-tolerant-yield --- reproductive-stage drought --- qDTYs --- transcriptomics --- watermelon --- pentatricopeptide-repeat (PPR) gene family --- comprehensive analysis --- expression profiling --- flesh color --- canola --- Brassica napus --- genetics --- gene technology --- genomics --- disease resistance --- CSSLs --- drought stress --- ‘KDML105’ rice --- low-temperature germinability --- interspecific cross --- interaction --- peanut --- core collection --- genome-wide association study --- linkage disequilibrium

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Overall, the 19 contributions in this Special Issue “Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions” discuss the various aspects of salt stress responses in plants. It also discusses various mechanisms and approaches to conferring salt tolerance on plants. These types of research studies provide further directions in the development of crop plants for the saline environment in the era of climate change.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- CPA gene family --- RsNHX1 --- over-expression --- virus-induced gene silence --- salt resistance --- radish --- 14-3-3 gene family --- Triticum aestivum L. --- bioinformatics analysis --- salt tolerance --- protein-protein interactions --- Populus simonii × P. nigra --- PsnNAC036 --- transcription factor --- salt stress --- HT tolerance --- ion transport --- osmotic homeostasis --- hormone mediation --- cell wall regulation --- salt adaptation --- proteomics --- microtubules --- tubulin --- phenolic metabolites --- lemon balm --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- medicinal plants --- secondary metabolites --- abiotic elicitors --- salinity --- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (BADH1) --- domestication --- cultivated rice --- wild rice --- Hordeum vulgare L. --- RNA-seq analysis --- differentially expressed genes --- tolerance --- candidate genes --- C3-CAM intermediate --- common ice plant --- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum --- osmotic stress --- abiotic stress --- antioxidant defense --- climate change --- hydrogen peroxide --- lipid peroxidation --- oxidative stress --- phytohormones --- stress signaling --- mulberry --- TMT proteomics --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- apoplast --- functional screening --- Hordeum vulgare --- seedling --- halophyte species --- NADPH oxidases --- NOX --- respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOH gene expression --- saline adaptations --- C2H2 zinc finger protein --- heterologous expression --- Millettia pinnata --- thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) --- bolTLP1 --- broccoli --- drought stress --- antioxidants --- carbohydrates --- carotenoids --- xanthophyll cycle --- osmoprotectants --- ROS-scavengers --- α-/γ-tocopherols --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- association analysis --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene --- melatonin --- ROS --- ABA --- ion homeostasis --- amino acids --- Malus domestica --- calcium --- calcineurin B-like proteins --- Na+ accumulation --- CPA gene family --- RsNHX1 --- over-expression --- virus-induced gene silence --- salt resistance --- radish --- 14-3-3 gene family --- Triticum aestivum L. --- bioinformatics analysis --- salt tolerance --- protein-protein interactions --- Populus simonii × P. nigra --- PsnNAC036 --- transcription factor --- salt stress --- HT tolerance --- ion transport --- osmotic homeostasis --- hormone mediation --- cell wall regulation --- salt adaptation --- proteomics --- microtubules --- tubulin --- phenolic metabolites --- lemon balm --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- medicinal plants --- secondary metabolites --- abiotic elicitors --- salinity --- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (BADH1) --- domestication --- cultivated rice --- wild rice --- Hordeum vulgare L. --- RNA-seq analysis --- differentially expressed genes --- tolerance --- candidate genes --- C3-CAM intermediate --- common ice plant --- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum --- osmotic stress --- abiotic stress --- antioxidant defense --- climate change --- hydrogen peroxide --- lipid peroxidation --- oxidative stress --- phytohormones --- stress signaling --- mulberry --- TMT proteomics --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- apoplast --- functional screening --- Hordeum vulgare --- seedling --- halophyte species --- NADPH oxidases --- NOX --- respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOH gene expression --- saline adaptations --- C2H2 zinc finger protein --- heterologous expression --- Millettia pinnata --- thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) --- bolTLP1 --- broccoli --- drought stress --- antioxidants --- carbohydrates --- carotenoids --- xanthophyll cycle --- osmoprotectants --- ROS-scavengers --- α-/γ-tocopherols --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- association analysis --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene --- melatonin --- ROS --- ABA --- ion homeostasis --- amino acids --- Malus domestica --- calcium --- calcineurin B-like proteins --- Na+ accumulation

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Overall, the 19 contributions in this Special Issue “Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions” discuss the various aspects of salt stress responses in plants. It also discusses various mechanisms and approaches to conferring salt tolerance on plants. These types of research studies provide further directions in the development of crop plants for the saline environment in the era of climate change.

CPA gene family --- RsNHX1 --- over-expression --- virus-induced gene silence --- salt resistance --- radish --- 14-3-3 gene family --- Triticum aestivum L. --- bioinformatics analysis --- salt tolerance --- protein-protein interactions --- Populus simonii × P. nigra --- PsnNAC036 --- transcription factor --- salt stress --- HT tolerance --- ion transport --- osmotic homeostasis --- hormone mediation --- cell wall regulation --- salt adaptation --- proteomics --- microtubules --- tubulin --- phenolic metabolites --- lemon balm --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- medicinal plants --- secondary metabolites --- abiotic elicitors --- salinity --- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (BADH1) --- domestication --- cultivated rice --- wild rice --- Hordeum vulgare L. --- RNA-seq analysis --- differentially expressed genes --- tolerance --- candidate genes --- C3–CAM intermediate --- common ice plant --- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum --- osmotic stress --- abiotic stress --- antioxidant defense --- climate change --- hydrogen peroxide --- lipid peroxidation --- oxidative stress --- phytohormones --- stress signaling --- mulberry --- TMT proteomics --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- apoplast --- functional screening --- Hordeum vulgare --- seedling --- halophyte species --- NADPH oxidases --- NOX --- respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOH gene expression --- saline adaptations --- C2H2 zinc finger protein --- heterologous expression --- Millettia pinnata --- thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) --- bolTLP1 --- broccoli --- drought stress --- antioxidants --- carbohydrates --- carotenoids --- xanthophyll cycle --- osmoprotectants --- ROS-scavengers --- α-/γ-tocopherols --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- association analysis --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene --- melatonin --- ROS --- ABA --- ion homeostasis --- amino acids --- Malus domestica --- calcium --- calcineurin B-like proteins --- Na+ accumulation --- n/a --- C3-CAM intermediate