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The skeptical Enlightenment : doubt and certainty in the age of reason
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Liverpool University Press

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Although many historical narratives often describe the eighteenth century as an unalloyed 'Age of Reason', Enlightenment thinkers continued to grapple with the challenges posed by the revival and spread of philosophical skepticism. The imperative to overcome doubt and uncertainty informed some of the most innovative characteristics of eighteenth-century intellectual culture, including not only debates about epistemology and metaphysics but also matters of jurisprudence, theology, history, moral philosophy, and politics. Thinkers of this period debated about, established, and productively worked for progress within the parameters of the increasingly circumscribed boundaries of human reason. No longer considered innate and consistently perfect, reason instead became conceived as a faculty that was inherently fallible, limited by personal experiences, and in need of improvement throughout the course of any individual's life.In its depiction of a complicated, variegated, and diverse Enlightenment culture, this volume examines the process by which philosophical skepticism was challenged and gradually tamed to bring about an anxious confidence in the powers of human understanding. The various contributions collectively demonstrate that philosophical skepticism, and not simply unshakable confidence in the powers of reason or the optimistic assumption about inevitable human improvement, was, in fact, the crucible of the Enlightenment process itself.


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How to Keep an Open Mind
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ISBN: 0691215367 9780691215365 0691215367 069120604X Year: 2021 Publisher: Princeton, NJ

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How ancient skepticism can help you attain tranquility by learning to suspend judgmentAlong with Stoicism and Epicureanism, Skepticism is one of the three major schools of ancient Greek philosophy that claim to offer a way of living as well as thinking. How to Keep an Open Mind provides an unmatched introduction to skepticism by presenting a fresh, modern translation of key passages from the writings of Sextus Empiricus, the only Greek skeptic whose works have survived.While content in daily life to go along with things as they appear to be, Sextus advocated—and provided a set of techniques to achieve—a radical suspension of judgment about the way things really are, believing that such nonjudging can be useful for challenging the unfounded dogmatism of others and may help one achieve a state of calm and tranquility. In an introduction, Richard Bett makes the case that the most important lesson we can draw from Sextus’s brand of skepticism today may be an ability to see what can be said on the other side of any issue, leading to a greater open-mindedness.Complete with the original Greek on facing pages, How to Keep an Open Mind offers a compelling antidote to the closed-minded dogmatism of today’s polarized world.


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Greek Buddha : Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
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ISBN: 0691176329 Year: 2015 Publisher: Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press,

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Pyrrho of Elis went with Alexander the Great to Central Asia and India during the Greek invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire in 334-324 BC. There he met with early Buddhist masters. Greek Buddha shows how their Early Buddhism shaped the philosophy of Pyrrho, the famous founder of Pyrrhonian scepticism in ancient Greece.Christopher I. Beckwith traces the origins of a major tradition in Western philosophy to Gandhara, a country in Central Asia and northwestern India. He systematically examines the teachings and practices of Pyrrho and of Early Buddhism, including those preserved in testimonies by and about Pyrrho, in the report on Indian philosophy two decades later by the Seleucid ambassador Megasthenes, in the first-person edicts by the Indian king Devanampriya Priyadarsi referring to a popular variety of the Dharma in the early third century BC, and in Taoist echoes of Gautama's Dharma in Warring States China. Beckwith demonstrates how the teachings of Pyrrho agree closely with those of the Buddha Sakyamuni, "the Scythian Sage." In the process, he identifies eight distinct philosophical schools in ancient northwestern India and Central Asia, including Early Zoroastrianism, Early Brahmanism, and several forms of Early Buddhism. He then shows the influence that Pyrrho's brand of scepticism had on the evolution of Western thought, first in Antiquity, and later, during the Enlightenment, on the great philosopher and self-proclaimed Pyrrhonian, David Hume.Greek Buddha demonstrates that through Pyrrho, Early Buddhist thought had a major impact on Western philosophy.


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Greek Buddha
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ISBN: 9780691166445 0691166447 9780691176321 9781400866328 1400866324 0691176329 Year: 2015 Publisher: Princeton

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Pyrrho of Elis went with Alexander the Great to Central Asia and India during the Greek invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire in 334-324 BC. There he met with early Buddhist masters. Greek Buddha shows how their Early Buddhism shaped the philosophy of Pyrrho, the famous founder of Pyrrhonian scepticism in ancient Greece.Christopher I. Beckwith traces the origins of a major tradition in Western philosophy to Gandhara, a country in Central Asia and northwestern India. He systematically examines the teachings and practices of Pyrrho and of Early Buddhism, including those preserved in testimonies by and about Pyrrho, in the report on Indian philosophy two decades later by the Seleucid ambassador Megasthenes, in the first-person edicts by the Indian king Devanampriya Priyadarsi referring to a popular variety of the Dharma in the early third century BC, and in Taoist echoes of Gautama's Dharma in Warring States China. Beckwith demonstrates how the teachings of Pyrrho agree closely with those of the Buddha Sakyamuni, "the Scythian Sage." In the process, he identifies eight distinct philosophical schools in ancient northwestern India and Central Asia, including Early Zoroastrianism, Early Brahmanism, and several forms of Early Buddhism. He then shows the influence that Pyrrho's brand of scepticism had on the evolution of Western thought, first in Antiquity, and later, during the Enlightenment, on the great philosopher and self-proclaimed Pyrrhonian, David Hume.Greek Buddha demonstrates that through Pyrrho, Early Buddhist thought had a major impact on Western philosophy.

Knowledge, nature, and the good
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ISBN: 0691117241 0691117233 9786612087080 1282087088 1400826446 9781400826445 9780691117232 9780691117249 9781282087088 Year: 2004 Publisher: Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press

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Knowledge, Nature, and the Good brings together some of John Cooper's most important works on ancient philosophy. In thirteen chapters that represent an ideal companion to the author's influential Reason and Emotion, Cooper addresses a wide range of topics and periods--from Hippocratic medical theory and Plato's epistemology and moral philosophy, to Aristotle's physics and metaphysics, academic scepticism, and the cosmology, moral psychology, and ethical theory of the ancient Stoics. Almost half of the pieces appear here for the first time or are presented in newly expanded, extensively revised versions. Many stand at the cutting edge of research into ancient ethics and moral psychology. Other chapters, dating from as far back as 1970, are classics of philosophical scholarship on antiquity that continue to play a prominent role in current teaching and scholarship in the field. All of the chapters are distinctive for the way that, whatever the particular topic being pursued, they attempt to understand the ancient philosophers' views in philosophical terms drawn from the ancient philosophical tradition itself (rather than from contemporary philosophy). Through engaging creatively and philosophically with the ancient texts, these essays aim to make ancient philosophical perspectives freshly available to contemporary philosophers and philosophy students, in all their fascinating inventiveness, originality, and deep philosophical merit. This book will be treasured by philosophers, classicists, students of philosophy and classics, those in other disciplines with an interest in ancient philosophy, and anyone who seeks to understand philosophy in philosophical terms.

Keywords

Ancient philosophy --- Antieke filosofie --- Filosofie [Antieke ] --- Filosofie [Griekse ] --- Filosofie [Romeinse ] --- Filosofie van de Oudheid --- Greek philosophy --- Griekse filosofie --- Philosophie ancienne --- Philosophie antique --- Philosophie de l'Antiquité --- Philosophie grecque --- Philosophie romaine --- Philosophy [Ancient ] --- Philosophy [Greek ] --- Philosophy [Roman ] --- Roman philosophy --- Romeinse filosofie --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Naturalism --- Good and evil --- Théorie de la connaissance --- Naturalisme --- Bien et mal --- #GGSB: Filosofie --- #GGSB: Filosofie (oudheid) --- Théorie de la connaissance --- Philosophy, Greek --- Philosophy, Roman --- Philosophy, Ancient --- Filosofie --- Filosofie (oudheid) --- Academic skepticism. --- Alexander Nehamas. --- Alexander of Aphrodisias. --- Analogy. --- Antiochus of Ascalon. --- Aristotle. --- Arius Didymus. --- Atomism. --- Awareness. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Carneades. --- Chrysippus. --- Concept. --- Counterargument. --- Criticism. --- Democritus. --- Determinism. --- Dialectician. --- Disease. --- Empedocles. --- Epictetus. --- Epicureanism. --- Epicurus. --- Epistemology. --- Ethics. --- Eudaimonia. --- Existence. --- Explanation. --- Explication. --- Eye color. --- Feeling. --- First principle. --- Four causes. --- Glaucon. --- God. --- Good and evil. --- Hedonism. --- Hiero (Xenophon). --- Hypothesis. --- Illustration. --- Immanuel Kant. --- Indication (medicine). --- Inference. --- Ingredient. --- Inquiry. --- Isocrates. --- Lecture. --- Loeb Classical Library. --- Materialism. --- Methodology. --- Morality. --- Mutatis mutandis. --- Natural kind. --- On Ancient Medicine. --- Ontology. --- Parmenides. --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophical analysis. --- Philosophical methodology. --- Philosophical theory. --- Philosophy. --- Physician. --- Plato. --- Platonism. --- Potentiality and actuality. --- Practical reason. --- Pre-Socratic philosophy. --- Premise. --- Principle. --- Protagoras. --- Pyrrhonism. --- Quantity. --- Rationality. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Requirement. --- Rhetoric. --- Self-sufficiency. --- Semen. --- Sextus Empiricus. --- Skepticism. --- Socratic method. --- Socratic. --- Stoicism. --- Suggestion. --- Teleology. --- The Philosopher. --- Theaetetus (dialogue). --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Treatise. --- Uncertainty. --- Understanding. --- Value theory. --- Virtue. --- W. D. Ross. --- Writing.


Book
Science and scepticism
Author:
ISBN: 069110171X 0691072949 0691612188 1400857368 1306993245 9780691072944 9781400857364 9780691101712 9780691612188 Year: 1984 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey

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This book contains important technical innovations, including comparative measures for the testable content, depth, and unity of scientific theories.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Keywords

Science --- Skepticism --- Rationalism --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- -Skepticism --- Scepticism --- Unbelief --- Agnosticism --- Belief and doubt --- Free thought --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Religion --- Deism --- Realism --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Rationalism. --- Skepticism. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschap --- filosofie --- maatschappijkritiek --- Science - Philosophy --- A priori and a posteriori. --- A priori probability. --- Ad hoc. --- Ad hominem. --- Agnosticism. --- Almost surely. --- Analytic–synthetic distinction. --- Anti-realism. --- Antireductionism. --- Asymmetry. --- Atomism. --- Axiom. --- Bayesian probability. --- Bayesian statistics. --- Bayesian. --- Begging the question. --- Certainty. --- Circular reasoning. --- Classical logic. --- Classical physics. --- Contradiction. --- David Hume. --- Deductive reasoning. --- Deductive-nomological model. --- Determinism. --- Dialectician. --- Edmund Husserl. --- Explanation. --- Explanatory power. --- Extrapolation. --- Fair coin. --- Fallibilism. --- Falsifiability. --- Falsity. --- Fideism. --- First principle. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Free parameter. --- Good and evil. --- Hilary Putnam. --- Holism. --- Hypothesis. --- Idealism. --- Impenetrability. --- Inductive reasoning. --- Inductivism. --- Inference. --- Infinite regress. --- Instance (computer science). --- Is–ought problem. --- J. L. Austin. --- Logical reasoning. --- Lottery paradox. --- Magical thinking. --- Materialism. --- Michael Polanyi. --- Modern physics. --- Modus tollens. --- Mutual exclusivity. --- Neutral monism. --- Occam's razor. --- Ontology. --- Ordinary language philosophy. --- Ought implies can. --- Paradox. --- Persuasive definition. --- Phenomenalism. --- Philosopher. --- Phrenology. --- Possible world. --- Posterior probability. --- Pre-established harmony. --- Prediction. --- Predictive power. --- Premise. --- Probabilism. --- Probability. --- Problem of induction. --- Pseudoscience. --- Pyrrhonism. --- Rationality. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Received view. --- Reductionism. --- Relativism. --- Requirement. --- Richard Jeffrey. --- Scientific realism. --- Scientific theory. --- Sensationalism. --- Suggestion. --- Tautology (rhetoric). --- Testability. --- Theory. --- Transcendental arguments. --- Truism. --- Verisimilitude. --- Wrong direction.


Book
The pre-Socratics
Author:
ISBN: 0691020884 9781400863204 1400863201 9780691608273 069160827X 0691636745 1306985277 9780691636740 Year: 1993 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey

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This collection introduces readers to some of the most respected Pre-Socratic scholarship of the twentieth century. It includes translations of important works from European scholars that were previously unavailable in English and incorporates the major topics and approaches of contemporary scholarship. Here is an essential book for students and scholars alike. "Students of the Pre-Socratics must be grateful to Mourelatos and his publishers for making these essays available to a wider public."--T. H. Irwin, American Journal of Philology "Mourelatos is a superb editor, and teaching Pre-Socratics in the future with this collection on the reading list will not only be easier but also better."--Jorgen Mejer, The Classical World "The editor has done his work judiciously. It would be difficult to devise a better balance between different parts of the subject."--Edward Hussey, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences "[This book] will undoubtedly become an indispensable aid for beginning and advanced students of the Pre-Socratics."--David E. Hahm, IsisOriginally published in 1994.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Keywords

Philosophy, Ancient --- Ancient philosophy --- Greek philosophy --- Philosophy, Greek --- Philosophy, Roman --- Roman philosophy --- History of philosophy --- Antiquity --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Academic skepticism. --- Ad hoc hypothesis. --- Agnosticism. --- Ambiguity. --- Anaxagoras. --- Anaximander. --- Anaximenes. --- Anthropomorphism. --- Antinomy. --- Aphorism. --- Apologue. --- Aristotle. --- Arthur Schopenhauer. --- Astral body. --- Atomism. --- Callicles. --- Classical element. --- Concept. --- Consciousness. --- Contradiction. --- Conventionalism. --- Critique. --- Democritus. --- Deprecation. --- Dialectician. --- Divine law. --- Dualism (philosophy of mind). --- Dualism. --- Empedocles. --- Empiricism. --- Eristic. --- Etymology. --- Existence. --- Explanation. --- Family resemblance. --- First principle. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Formal fallacy. --- Good and evil. --- Heraclitus of Ephesus. --- Hippasus. --- Historicism. --- Idealism. --- Identity of indiscernibles. --- Infinite regress. --- Leucippus. --- Leveling (philosophy). --- Logical extreme. --- Logical reasoning. --- Logos. --- Lucretius. --- Magna Moralia. --- Materialism. --- Middle term. --- Modern physics. --- Moral relativism. --- Multitude. --- Mutatis mutandis. --- Mythopoeic thought. --- Naturalness (physics). --- Neoplatonism. --- Noema. --- Nous. --- Ontology. --- Paradox. --- Parmenides. --- Perspectivism. --- Philolaus. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy. --- Physics (Aristotle). --- Plato. --- Positivism. --- Pre-Socratic philosophy. --- Principle of sufficient reason. --- Pseudoscience. --- Pyrrhonism. --- Pythagoreanism. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Relativism. --- Religion. --- Sophistication. --- Subjectivism. --- Superiority (short story). --- The Concept of Mind. --- The Philosopher. --- The Soul of the World. --- Themistius. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Truism. --- Unconscious inference. --- Unity of opposites. --- Verisimilitude. --- Wesley C. Salmon. --- Xenophanes. --- Zeno of Elea. --- Zeno's paradoxes.

Proclus' commentary on Plato's Parmenides
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0691073058 0691020892 9780691020891 0691180407 0691236615 Year: 1987 Publisher: Princeton (N.J.): Princeton university press,

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This is the first English translation of Proclus' commentary on Plato'sParmenides. Glenn Morrow's death occurred while he was less than halfway through the translation, which was completed by John Dillon. A major work of the great Neoplatonist philosopher, the commentary is an intellectual tour de force that greatly influenced later medieval and Renaissance thought. As the notes and introductory summaries explain, it comprises a full account of Proclus' own metaphysical system, disguised, as is so much Neoplatonic philosophy, in the form of a commentary.

Keywords

Reasoning --- -Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Early works to 1800 --- Plato --- Socrates --- Zeno of Elea --- Aflāṭūn --- Aplaton --- Bolatu --- Platon, --- Platonas --- Platone --- Po-la-tʻu --- Pʻŭllatʻo --- Pʻŭllatʻon --- Pʻuratʻon --- Πλάτων --- אפלטון --- פלאטא --- פלאטאן --- פלאטו --- أفلاطون --- 柏拉圖 --- 플라톤 --- Socrate --- Socrates Constantinopolitanus Scholasticus --- Zeno, --- Form --- Philosophical perspectives --- Socrates. --- Argumentation --- Plato. --- Zenón, --- Zénon, --- Zenon, --- Ζήνων, --- Zēnōn, --- Platon --- Platoon --- Form (Philosophy) --- Parmenides --- Early works to 1800. --- Raisonnement --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Платон --- プラトン --- Zeno, - of Elea --- Sokrates --- Sokrat, --- Sokrates, --- Suqrāṭ, --- Su-ko-la-ti, --- Sugeladi, --- Sokuratesu, --- Sākreṭīsa, --- Socrate, --- سقراط, --- Σωκράτης, --- Aeschylus. --- Alexander of Aphrodisias. --- Allegory. --- Ammonius Saccas. --- Analytic–synthetic distinction. --- Anecdote. --- Antithesis. --- Aporia. --- Aristotelianism. --- Aristotle. --- Axiom. --- Callicles. --- Cephalus. --- Chaldean Oracles. --- Comprehension (logic). --- Cratylus (dialogue). --- Creation myth. --- Critique. --- Damascius. --- Demiurge. --- Dialectician. --- Dionysius the Areopagite. --- Dionysus. --- Endoxa. --- Epicurus. --- Existence. --- First principle. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Glaucon. --- Hippias. --- Hypostasis (philosophy and religion). --- Hypothesis. --- Hypothetical syllogism. --- Iamblichus. --- Idealism. --- Identity (philosophy). --- Immutability (theology). --- Intellect. --- Logos. --- Menexenus (dialogue). --- Metaphysics. --- Middle Platonism. --- Middle term. --- Multitude. --- Neoplatonism. --- Nicholas of Cusa. --- Nous. --- Parmenides (dialogue). --- Parmenides. --- Phaedrus (dialogue). --- Philebus. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophical language. --- Philosophy. --- Phronesis. --- Platonic Theology (Ficino). --- Platonic realism. --- Platonism. --- Plotinus. --- Plutarch of Athens. --- Plutarch. --- Polemic. --- Potentiality and actuality. --- Pre-Socratic philosophy. --- Premise. --- Pronoia (psychology). --- Protagoras (dialogue). --- Pyrrhonism. --- Pythagoras. --- Pythagoreanism. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Reductio ad absurdum. --- Samuel Taylor Coleridge. --- Scholasticism. --- Second Letter (Plato). --- Socratic method. --- Sophist. --- Stoicism. --- Subject (philosophy). --- Suggestion. --- Superiority (short story). --- Syllogism. --- Symposium (Plato). --- Syrianus. --- Term logic. --- The Philosopher. --- Theaetetus (dialogue). --- Themistius. --- Theology. --- Theophrastus. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory. --- Third man argument. --- Thought. --- Timaeus (dialogue). --- Treatise. --- Writing. --- Zeno of Elea. --- -Early works to 1800

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