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Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has provided a very reliable system for separation of DNA fragments greater than 50 kb and has made a significant impact on the analysis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. The chapters in this book cover both the theory behind this very important technique and present detailed protocols for many of its major uses. The first chapter describes the basis of PFGE with interesting new insights in modelling how PFGE separates large fragments of DNA. The next two describe the use of PFGE in constructing long range restriction site maps in mammalian genomic DNA and in the detection of gross rearrangements in the DNA of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. There are four chapters dedicated to the use of PFGE in cloning form, construction of, analysis of, and transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). The final two chpaters describe the use of PFGE in the analysis of bacterial chromosomes and protozoan parasite chromosomes. This book will therefore be an essential resource book for researchers in laboratories that require PFGE in their research strategies, including those involved in molecular human genetics, mammalian genetics, molecular microbiology, molecular parasitology, biochemistry, and molecular diagnostics.

DNA --- Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis --- Analysis --- Laboratory manuals.

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This reprint collates papers from a Special Issue of the journal Antibiotics, which was entitled "Ocular surface Infection and Antimicrobials". The papers cover aspects such as common microbes which cause ocular infections and their susceptibility to antibiotics; how guidelines for antibiotic use can translate to improved patient compliance; how bacteria respond to antibiotics; and lastly, new treatments and ways of preventing ocular surface infections.

Bacteriology (non-medical) --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- eye infections --- endophthalmitis --- keratitis --- conjunctivitis --- blepharitis --- API Staph --- Biolog --- DNA sequencing --- sodA gene --- antibiotic susceptibility --- bacterial infection --- Serratia marcescens --- transcription factor --- ocular surface --- epithelium --- cornea --- metabolomics --- ocular infection --- predatory bacteria --- Bdellovibrio --- Micavibrio --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Enterobacterales --- infection --- bacteria --- stress response system --- antibiotic --- Staphylococcus aureus --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilms --- antimicrobial peptides --- ciprofloxacin --- combined effect --- microbial keratitis --- corneal infiltrative events --- MPDS susceptibility --- Staphyloccus aureus --- MSSA --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis --- multilocus sequence typing --- Panton-Valentine leukocidin --- Mel4 peptide --- antimicrobial contact lens --- extended wear --- biocompatibility --- comfort --- clinical trail --- misuse of antibiotics --- orthokeratology --- contact lens --- questionnaire --- contact lenses --- ultraviolet C --- Pseudomonas --- Staphylococcus --- Fusarium --- Candida --- ocular infectious isolates --- whole genome sequencing --- virulence factors --- n/a

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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis

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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis

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Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a common cause of infections in both community and healthcare settings and have become an increasing threat to public health worldwide. The focus of this Special Issue includes aspects concerning plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance along with other carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Understanding the prevalence and routes of transmission of CRE is important in developing specific interventions for healthcare facilities, as well as the general impact of CRE circulation on the environment. Attention has also been focused on carbapenemase testing in order to provide advanced phenotypic and molecular assays for the identification of CRE, as a valid tool for active global surveillance, and from this perspective, the study of resistance mechanisms can provide significant support for the development of new and appropriate antimicrobial molecules. For all of these reasons, the phenomenon of carbapenem resistance deserves more attention, for the sake of public health.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- carbapenem resistance --- carbapenemase --- whole genome sequencing --- long reads, plasmid --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- extensively drug-resistant --- molecular typing --- carbapenemases --- Enterobacteriales --- human --- animal --- food --- environment --- carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales --- KPC --- carbapenem --- multidrug resistance --- nosocomial --- Enterobacteriaceae --- ESBL --- resistance genes --- cattle --- blaOXA-48 --- ERIC-PCR --- plasmid profile analysis --- biofilm formation --- PCR-based replicon typing --- antibiotic-resistance --- sequence types --- multilocus sequence typing --- plasmids --- antimicrobial resistance --- carbapenem inactivation method --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales --- real-time multiplex PCR --- whole-genome sequencing --- carbapenem-resistance --- Qatar --- CRE --- OXA-48 --- carbapenems resistance --- Gram-negative bacteria --- infection --- colonization --- COVID-19 --- K. pneumoniae --- porins --- ceftazidime/avibactam --- ESKAPE --- healthcare-associated infections --- antimicrobial peptides --- Temporin L --- Klebsiella michiganensis --- Citrobacter farmeri --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- transposon --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) --- outbreak --- infection control --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- IMP-6 --- porin --- efflux pump --- nosocomial infections --- NDM-1 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- Eazyplex® SuperBug CRE assay --- extended-spectrum beta-lactamases --- gram-negative rods --- LAMP method --- NDM --- VIM --- molecular epidemiology --- PFGE --- Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales --- IncX-3 --- one health --- water --- colistin susceptibility testing --- broth microdilution --- colistin broth disc elution --- Vitek 2 compact --- rapid polymyxin NP test --- Etest --- ChromID colistin R agar --- micronaut MIC-strip colistin --- population analysis profiling --- Enterobacterales --- neonates --- plasmid-typing --- sequence type --- wastewater --- virulence