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Despite the importance of the public procurement market, little effort has been made to systematically and consistently collect reliable statistics on a number of critical dimensions. To date, no attempt has been made to collect comparable statistics on the size of public procurement in economies around the world. While data are publicly available for High-income economies, for the rest of the world, data and studies are scarce. However, public procurement is as important in developing countries as it is in advanced economies. Governments in developing countries are significant purchasers of good and services, and these markets represent huge opportunities to enhance competition and development. Low-income countries have the highest share of publicprocurement in their economies, at 14.5 percent of GDP, followed by upper-middle income countries, at 13.6 percent, as data from government sources or international development institutions indicate. International statistics fall short in systematically and comparably capturing a number of other important dimensions of public procurement, including the regulatory and legal environment, risks and costs, quality and efficiency of service delivery, transparency and competition.

Public Procurement --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform

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This Public Expenditure Review (PER) takes stock of fiscal developments and institutions and analyzes the key issues that bear on the level, composition, challenges, and effectiveness of government spending and the stance of fiscal policy. Understanding these issues is essential, as new fiscal pressures are emerging in the process of economic transformation and as citizens demand higher quality of education and other public services. The fiscal reform agenda remains extensive but working on it will provide an opportunity to strengthen the effectiveness of government and boost inclusive economic growth. In the process of ongoing economic transformation, the government is facing several challenges in fiscal policy, for which this PER has developed policy options.

Fiscal Policy --- Intergovernmental Relations --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- State-Owned Enterprises

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Over the past twenty years, Indonesia has pursued an ambitious policy agenda for decentralization. Indonesia's subnational governments play a key role in providing frontline services. In 2014, Indonesia's Village Law ushered in a new chapter in the country's decentralization agenda. The law establishes a legal and financial foundation for villages to contribute to Indonesia's rural development. In 2020, village transfers accounted for around ten percent of all subnational transfers, playing an important role in Indonesia's Coronavirus (COVID-19) response strategy. Despite these positive results, several frontier issues in the overall decentralization agenda hinder villages' contributing potential to improving frontline service delivery. This report categorizes these structural challenges into four broad categories of regulatory challenges, coordination gaps, limited capacity building systems, and fragmentation in accountability systems. The report aims to show how overcoming these structural challenges can enable the government to institutionalize systems of accountability and participation into its wider service delivery framework.

Decentralization --- Governance --- Local Government --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform

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Overall, commendable progress has been made in modernizing public procurement in Bulgaria since the procurement strategy was launched in 2014 and the landmark legislation was passed in 2016. This report provides an assessment of the public procurement system in Bulgaria, reviewing progress since the public procurement act was passed by Parliament in 2016, and providing a series of recommendations for further improvement. The government of Bulgaria should continue to co-ordinate relevant activities aimed at improving the public procurement system, including on the basis of the recommendations of this report.

Audits --- Corruption --- Public Procurement --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Transparency

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This study analyzes how Rwanda fought administrative corruption in the public sector over the last two decades. The focus on administrative corruption in the public sector is dictated by the difficulty of assessing, observing, and measuring corruption relating to state capture and by emphasis that Rwandan officials have placed on reducing corruption in the everyday workings of the public sector. It may touch on some dimensions of governance such as voice and accountability or the rule of law, it only analyses them through their relationship to corruption. The study is based primarily on face-to-face interviews conducted in December 2019 with key individuals in and close observers to the fight against corruption. This study increases awareness of Rwanda's anticorruption experience, given its importance in Rwanda's own development and its relevance to international anticorruption efforts. The study is organized as follows: the first section describes the evolution of corruption in Rwanda to provide context for anticorruption efforts. The second section discusses those efforts, with a focus on transforming norms and standards, on prevention, and on sanctions. The third section presents the main factors of success. The fourth section identifies the lessons that can be drawn from Rwanda. The fifth section reflects on the remaining challenges in the country's anticorruption journey.

Anticorruption --- Corruption --- Public Finance --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Public Sector Reform