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This paper provides a methodological tool to support the collection and preparation of standardized, comprehensive data regarding public spending on infrastructure services that can be rigorously compared across countries. Infrastructure is defined to cover six sectors: irrigation, energy (primarily power), transport, communication, wastewater management, and water supply. The guide is designed to provide a much richer and more complete measurement of infrastructure spending than the limited highly aggregated data currently available through the IMF Government Financial Statistics. Originally developed for Africa, the methodology is relevant and readily applicable to any developing country. With the aim of being as comprehensive as possible, the methodology covers central and sub-national government expenditures, non-budgetary vehicles (such as road funds), state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and public-private partnerships (PPPs). While the methodology focuses on collecting quantitative data on the level and composition of spending, this is complemented with qualitative data that provides the institutional context. Importantly, the methodology allows for cross-classification of infrastructure spending by purpose (power, roads, etc) and by function (operational versus capital spending). This guide provides practical guidance - including concepts, definitions, and classifications - for each of the three stages of work, namely: (i) pre-field, (ii) field, and (iii) back office.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Gross domestic products --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Institutional mapping --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public expenditure --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Spending on public infrastructure --- State owned enterprises --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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This paper examines a puzzle in the political economy of infrastructure in India - the co-existence of relatively low shares of capital spending in public budgets alongside evidence of large demand for village infrastructure from poor voters. It argues that this pattern is due to infrastructure projects being used at the margin for political rent-seeking, while spending on employment and welfare transfers are the preferred vehicles to win votes for re-election. New suggestive evidence on the variation of public spending composition across states, and within states over time is offered that is consistent with this argument. This evidence underscores a growing argument in the development literature that the level and composition of public spending per se may not be sufficient metrics to assess the quality of public goods policies - greater infrastructure spending in some contexts may go to political rents rather than to the actual delivery of broad public goods for growth and poverty reduction.

Accounting --- Capital Projects --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Debt servicing --- Electricity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Governance --- Government spending --- Housing --- National Governance --- Parliamentary Government --- Public --- Public expenditure --- Public goods --- Public infrastructure --- Public investment --- Public resources --- Public sector --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Public spending --- Roads --- Savings --- Taxation --- User charges

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In a rapidly changing world, it is necessary to increase the engagement of local authorities and stakeholders to make urban mobility cleaner and more sustainable. The best way is to combine great ideas and innovative measures with political support. This Special Issue consists of six articles analyzing the impact of SUMPs. Innovative measures have been proposed to change urban transport systems towards sustainability: Chinese research has analyzed the tourist flow of Tibet using innovative technologies: mobile phone data, visualizations using GIS, and social networks. Lithuanian authors proposed three autonomous car travel development concepts that should become a conceptual tool in the development of ITS and C-ITS. An English scientific paper is based on a review of local transport policy documents from 13 cities in four countries. Most cities seek to reduce car travel as a proportion of trips. Experience from Slovenia shows that the comprehensive traffic calming approach has positive effects and contributes to achieving sustainable mobility. Korean researchers used the GINI coefficient to evaluate the bus system to identify bus nodes in order of importance. The last article described that multicriteria decision-making methods have been successfully used for assessing the effectiveness of sustainable transport systems, and a universal evaluation model was proposed.

History of engineering & technology --- sustainable urban mobility --- SUMP --- mobility measures --- multicriteria decision making methods --- MCDM --- bus transportation system --- urban infrastructure --- network growth --- Gini coefficient --- complex systems --- comprehensive traffic calming --- active mobility --- travel behaviour --- quality of life --- traffic safety --- sustainable urban mobility planning --- sustainable urban mobility plan --- policy --- problematisation --- local transport --- mobility plan --- Sweden --- Great Britain --- Netherlands --- Germany --- development --- autonomous cars --- ITS and C-ITS --- public infrastructure --- Kendall method --- pattern --- social network analysis --- tourist flow --- visualization --- Tibet

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In a rapidly changing world, it is necessary to increase the engagement of local authorities and stakeholders to make urban mobility cleaner and more sustainable. The best way is to combine great ideas and innovative measures with political support. This Special Issue consists of six articles analyzing the impact of SUMPs. Innovative measures have been proposed to change urban transport systems towards sustainability: Chinese research has analyzed the tourist flow of Tibet using innovative technologies: mobile phone data, visualizations using GIS, and social networks. Lithuanian authors proposed three autonomous car travel development concepts that should become a conceptual tool in the development of ITS and C-ITS. An English scientific paper is based on a review of local transport policy documents from 13 cities in four countries. Most cities seek to reduce car travel as a proportion of trips. Experience from Slovenia shows that the comprehensive traffic calming approach has positive effects and contributes to achieving sustainable mobility. Korean researchers used the GINI coefficient to evaluate the bus system to identify bus nodes in order of importance. The last article described that multicriteria decision-making methods have been successfully used for assessing the effectiveness of sustainable transport systems, and a universal evaluation model was proposed.

History of engineering & technology --- sustainable urban mobility --- SUMP --- mobility measures --- multicriteria decision making methods --- MCDM --- bus transportation system --- urban infrastructure --- network growth --- Gini coefficient --- complex systems --- comprehensive traffic calming --- active mobility --- travel behaviour --- quality of life --- traffic safety --- sustainable urban mobility planning --- sustainable urban mobility plan --- policy --- problematisation --- local transport --- mobility plan --- Sweden --- Great Britain --- Netherlands --- Germany --- development --- autonomous cars --- ITS and C-ITS --- public infrastructure --- Kendall method --- pattern --- social network analysis --- tourist flow --- visualization --- Tibet

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Infrastructure has particular challenges in public procurement, because it is highly complex and customized and often requires economic, political and social considerations from a long time horizon. To deliver public infrastructure services to citizens or taxpayers, there are a series of decisions that governments have to make. The paper provides a minimum package of important economic theories that could guide governments to wise decision-making at each stage. Theory suggests that in general it would be a good option to contract out infrastructure to the private sector under high-powered incentive mechanisms, such as fixed-price contracts. However, this holds under certain conditions. Theory also shows that ownership should be aligned with the ultimate responsibility for or objective of infrastructure provision. Public and private ownership have different advantages and can deal with different problems. It is also shown that it would be a better option to integrate more than one public task (for example, investment and operation) into the same ownership, whether public or private, if they exhibit positive externalities.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Contract Law --- Debt Markets --- Electricity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Government Procurement --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Positive externalities --- Private partnerships --- Private sector --- Private sector participation --- Property rights --- Provision of infrastructure --- Provisions --- Public --- Public contracts --- Public economics --- Public goods --- Public infrastructure --- Public ownership --- Public private partnerships --- Public procurement --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Public works --- Savings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social welfare --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Utilities