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Proto-Indo-European language --- Indo-European languages --- Sievers' law --- Verner's law --- Proto-Aryan language --- Protoindoeuropean language --- Phonology.

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This book presents a synchronic and diachronic study of all verbal classes and categories of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European. It lists all attested Tocharian verbal forms, together with semantic and etymological information. The material has been subject to careful philological evaluation and incorporates unedited or unpublished texts of the Berlin, London, and Paris collections. In addition, this study consistently takes into account the linguistic variation within the Tocharian B language and the relative chronology of texts. Moreover, Tocharian offers crucial evidence for the reconstruction of the PIE verbal system, and is also of interest to the general linguist for the interaction of voice and valency.

Proto-Indo-European language --- Tokharian language --- Kuchean language --- Tocharian language --- Tocharish language --- Turfanish language --- Extinct languages --- Indo-European languages --- Proto-Aryan language --- Protoindoeuropean language --- Phonology.

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"Dispersals and diversification offers linguistic and archaeological perspectives on the disintegration of Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Two chapters discuss the early phases of the disintegration of Proto-Indo-European from an archaeological perspective, integrating and interpreting the new evidence from ancient DNA. Six chapters analyse the intricate relationship between the Anatolian branch of Indo-European, probably the first one to separate, and the remaining branches. Three chapters are concerned with the most important unsolved problems of Indo-European subgrouping, namely the status of the postulated Italo-Celtic and Graeco-Armenian subgroups. Two chapters discuss methodological problems with linguistic subgrouping and with the attempt to correlate linguistics and archaeology. Contributors are David W. Anthony, Rasmus Bjørn, José L. García Ramón, Riccardo Ginevra, Adam Hyllested, James A. Johnson, Kristian Kristiansen, H. Craig Melchert, Matthew Scarborough, Peter Schrijver, Matilde Serangeli, Zsolt Simon, Rasmus Thorsø, Michael Weiss".

Proto-Indo-European language. --- Proto-Aryan language --- Protoindoeuropean language --- Indo-European languages --- Proto-Indo-European language --- Indo-Europeans --- Linguistics. --- Language and languages.

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Oer-Indo-Europees (Taal) --- Proto-Indo-European language --- Proto-Indo-européen (Langue) --- Morphophonemics --- -Proto-Aryan language --- Protoindoeuropean language --- Indo-European languages --- -Morphophonemics --- Proto-Aryan language --- Proto-Indo-European language - Morphophonemics --- Langues germaniques --- Phonetique

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This study resurrects the genre of Wortstudien contributions or lexilogus treatments, the core of historical lexical semantics. Such studies used to be quite popular, and interest in lexical matters is again rising. The word family around the Indo-European root *aǵ- 'drive' is placed against its Germanic replacement drive as a typological parallel. Many long-standing problems can now be solved, and new hypotheses emerge. Starting with the still important sports and games aspect of social life, new morphology is resurrected (agṓn 'games' as an original plural; 2), and a strongly social meaning for 'good' (agathós; 3). Aganós finds its solution that combines the 'mild' and plant readings in a natural way (4). Hunting-and-gathering considerations establish new possibilities or certainties for some 'wealth' words (6), and all around religion is involved (7). Comparable Baltic Finnic evidence is drawn in (8), and such evidence is used to discuss cases on both sides. This way explanations for the Indo-European material are strengthened, or even made possible in the first place, and scores of Baltic Finnic words find attractive (driving) loan hypotheses as their etymologies.

Proto-Indo-European language --- Greek language --- Indo-European languages --- Roots. --- Etymology. --- 809.1 --- 809.1 Indo-Europeese talen --- Indo-Europeese talen --- Dialectes proto-indoeuropéens --- Grec (Langue) --- Langues indo-européennes --- Roots --- Etymology --- Racines --- Etymologie --- Proto-Aryan language --- Protoindoeuropean language