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The recent development of ideas on biodiversity conservation was already being considered almost three-quarters of a century ago for crop plants and the wild species related to them, by the Russian geneticist N.!. Vavilov. He was undoubtedly the first scientist to understand the impor­ tance for humankind of conserving for utilization the genetic diversity of our ancient crop plants and their wild relatives from their centres of diversity. His collections showed various traits of adaptation to environ­ mental extremes and biotypes of crop diseases and pests which were unknown to most plant breeders in the first quarter of the twentieth cen­ tury. Later, in the 1940s-1960s scientists began to realize that the pool of genetic diversity known to Vavilov and his colleagues was beginning to disappear. Through the replacement of the old, primitive and highly diverse land races by uniform modem varieties created by plant breed­ ers, the crop gene pool was being eroded. The genetic diversity of wild species was equally being threatened by human activities: over-exploita­ tion, habitat destruction or fragmentation, competition resulting from the introduction of alien species or varieties, changes and intensification of land use, environmental pollution and possible climate change.

574.472 --- 575.17 --- 502.753 --- 574.472 Biodiversity --- Biodiversity --- 502.753 Protection of individual plant species from extinction, extermination --- Protection of individual plant species from extinction, extermination --- 575.17 Population genetics. Genetic processes in populations --- Population genetics. Genetic processes in populations --- plant population --- genetic resources --- Resource conservation --- Germplasm resources, Plant --- Conservation of plant genetic resources --- Conservation of plant germplasm resources --- Plant genetic resources --- Plant germplasm resources --- Plants, Cultivated --- Germplasm resources --- Germplasm resources, Plant. --- Germplasm resources [Plant ] --- Plant ecology. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Human genetics. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant Ecology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Human Genetics. --- Plant Sciences. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology --- Crops --- Management. --- Agricultural crops --- Crop plants --- Farm crops --- Industrial crops --- Farm produce --- Agronomy --- Crop science --- Plant products

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Over the past decade the importance of natural resources for sustainable agricultural development has been increasingly discussed at international forums and conferences. Aside from the sustainable management of soil, water, and air, it now seems to be accepted that the sustainable management of genetic resources is one of the four indispensable preconditions for a sustainable agriculture. The discussion on conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), however, has to reflect the costs of conservation as well. These have not yet been discussed intensively. The study analyzes the conservation costs of plant genetic resources; it also assesses the effectiveness of conservation and the efficiency of the different conservation instruments. It is based on extensive surveys in relevant countries. Following the detailed cost and impact analysis, the results show that the effectiveness of conservation strategies may be increased.

Ressource végétale --- Plant resources --- Ressource génétique --- genetic resources --- Conservation des ressources --- Resource conservation --- Conservation du matériel génétique --- Germplasm conservation --- Pool de gènes --- Gene pools --- Contexte économique --- economic environment --- Étude de cas --- case studies --- Germany --- India --- 631.526 --- 502.753 --- Germplasm resources, Plant --- Genetic resources conservation --- #ABIB:atte --- Conservation of germplasm resources --- Germplasm resource conservation --- Conservation of natural resources --- Conservation of plant genetic resources --- Conservation of plant germplasm resources --- Plant genetic resources --- Plant germplasm resources --- Plants, Cultivated --- Germplasm resources --- Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- Protection of individual plant species from extinction, extermination --- CON Bioconservation --- bioconservation --- conservation --- ex situ conservation --- in situ conservation --- nature conservation --- 502.753 Protection of individual plant species from extinction, extermination --- 631.526 Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- Germplasm resources conservation --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Nature conservation. --- Environmental economics. --- Agriculture. --- Forestry. --- Biotechnology. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Nature Conservation. --- Environmental Economics. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Economics --- Environmental quality --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Conservation --- Germplasm resources, Plant. --- Propriete intellectuelle